WGU D431 LATEST 2026 FINAL EXAMS QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 - ✔✔An act passed into law as a response to the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that significantly reduced restrictions on law
enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the
Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those
involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law
enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and/or deporting immigrants
suspected of terrorism and related acts.
✔✔Vigenère cipher - ✔✔A method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of
different monoalphabetic ciphers selected based on the letters of a keyword. A
polyalphabetic cipher.
✔✔Virus - ✔✔Any software that self-replicates.
✔✔Visitor location register (VLR) - ✔✔A database used by the MSC for roaming
phones.
✔✔Volatile data - ✔✔Data that changes rapidly and may be lost when the machine that
holds it is powered down.
✔✔Volatile memory - ✔✔Computer memory that requires power to maintain the data it
holds and can be changed. RAM is highly volatile; EEPROM is very nonvolatile.
✔✔Volatile memory analysis - ✔✔A live system forensic technique in which you collect
a memory dump and perform analysis in an isolated environment.
✔✔Zero-knowledge analysis - ✔✔A technique for file system repair that involves
recovering data from a damaged partition with limited knowledge of the file system.
✔✔The Federal Privacy Act of 1974 - ✔✔Establishes a code of information-handling
practices that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of
information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by U.S. federal
agencies. A system of records is a group of records under the control of an agency from
which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifier
assigned to the individual.
✔✔The Privacy Protection Act of 1980 - ✔✔Protects journalists from being required to
turn over to law enforcement any work product and documentary materials, including
sources, before it is disseminated to the public. Journalists who most need the
protection of the PPA are those who are working on stories that are highly controversial
or that describe criminal acts, because the information gathered may also be useful to
law enforcement.
, ✔✔The Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (CALEA) - ✔✔A
federal wiretap law for traditional wired telephony. It was expanded in 2004 to include
wireless, voice over packets, and other forms of electronic communications, including
signaling traffic and metadata.
✔✔Unlawful Access to Stored Communications (18 U.S.C. § 2701) - ✔✔This act covers
access to a facility through which electronic communication is provided or exceeding the
access that was authorized. It is broadly written to apply to a range of offenses.
Punishment can be up to 5 years in prison and fines for the first offense. The SCA
governs how investigators can obtain stored account records and contents from network
service providers, including Internet service providers ("ISPs"), telephone companies,
and cell phone service providers. SCA issues arise often in cases involving the Internet:
when investigators seek stored information concerning Internet accounts from providers
of Internet service.
✔✔The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 - ✔✔Governs the privacy and
disclosure, access, and interception of content and traffic data related to electronic
communications.
✔✔The Computer Security Act of 1987 (CSA) - ✔✔Passed to improve the security and
privacy of sensitive information in federal computer systems. The law requires the
establishment of minimum acceptable security practices, creation of computer security
plans, and training of system users or owners of facilities that house sensitive
information.
✔✔The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 - ✔✔Allows for collection of
"foreign intelligence information" between foreign powers and agents of foreign powers
using physical and electronic surveillance. A warrant is issued by the FISA court for
actions under FISA.
✔✔The Child Protection and Sexual Predator Punishment Act of 1998 - ✔✔Requires
service providers that become aware of the storage or transmission of child
pornography to report it to law enforcement.
✔✔The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 - ✔✔Protects children 13 years
of age and under from the collection and use of their personal information by websites.
It replaces the Child Online Protection Act of 1988 (COPA), which was determined to be
unconstitutional.
✔✔The Communications Decency Act of 1996 - ✔✔Designed to protect persons 18
years of age and under from downloading or viewing material considered indecent. This
act has been subject to court cases that subsequently changed some definitions and
penalties.
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 - ✔✔An act passed into law as a response to the
terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, that significantly reduced restrictions on law
enforcement agencies' gathering of intelligence within the United States; expanded the
Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate financial transactions, particularly those
involving foreign individuals and entities; and broadened the discretion of law
enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and/or deporting immigrants
suspected of terrorism and related acts.
✔✔Vigenère cipher - ✔✔A method of encrypting alphabetic text by using a series of
different monoalphabetic ciphers selected based on the letters of a keyword. A
polyalphabetic cipher.
✔✔Virus - ✔✔Any software that self-replicates.
✔✔Visitor location register (VLR) - ✔✔A database used by the MSC for roaming
phones.
✔✔Volatile data - ✔✔Data that changes rapidly and may be lost when the machine that
holds it is powered down.
✔✔Volatile memory - ✔✔Computer memory that requires power to maintain the data it
holds and can be changed. RAM is highly volatile; EEPROM is very nonvolatile.
✔✔Volatile memory analysis - ✔✔A live system forensic technique in which you collect
a memory dump and perform analysis in an isolated environment.
✔✔Zero-knowledge analysis - ✔✔A technique for file system repair that involves
recovering data from a damaged partition with limited knowledge of the file system.
✔✔The Federal Privacy Act of 1974 - ✔✔Establishes a code of information-handling
practices that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of
information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by U.S. federal
agencies. A system of records is a group of records under the control of an agency from
which information is retrieved by the name of the individual or by some identifier
assigned to the individual.
✔✔The Privacy Protection Act of 1980 - ✔✔Protects journalists from being required to
turn over to law enforcement any work product and documentary materials, including
sources, before it is disseminated to the public. Journalists who most need the
protection of the PPA are those who are working on stories that are highly controversial
or that describe criminal acts, because the information gathered may also be useful to
law enforcement.
, ✔✔The Communications Assistance to Law Enforcement Act of 1994 (CALEA) - ✔✔A
federal wiretap law for traditional wired telephony. It was expanded in 2004 to include
wireless, voice over packets, and other forms of electronic communications, including
signaling traffic and metadata.
✔✔Unlawful Access to Stored Communications (18 U.S.C. § 2701) - ✔✔This act covers
access to a facility through which electronic communication is provided or exceeding the
access that was authorized. It is broadly written to apply to a range of offenses.
Punishment can be up to 5 years in prison and fines for the first offense. The SCA
governs how investigators can obtain stored account records and contents from network
service providers, including Internet service providers ("ISPs"), telephone companies,
and cell phone service providers. SCA issues arise often in cases involving the Internet:
when investigators seek stored information concerning Internet accounts from providers
of Internet service.
✔✔The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 - ✔✔Governs the privacy and
disclosure, access, and interception of content and traffic data related to electronic
communications.
✔✔The Computer Security Act of 1987 (CSA) - ✔✔Passed to improve the security and
privacy of sensitive information in federal computer systems. The law requires the
establishment of minimum acceptable security practices, creation of computer security
plans, and training of system users or owners of facilities that house sensitive
information.
✔✔The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 - ✔✔Allows for collection of
"foreign intelligence information" between foreign powers and agents of foreign powers
using physical and electronic surveillance. A warrant is issued by the FISA court for
actions under FISA.
✔✔The Child Protection and Sexual Predator Punishment Act of 1998 - ✔✔Requires
service providers that become aware of the storage or transmission of child
pornography to report it to law enforcement.
✔✔The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 - ✔✔Protects children 13 years
of age and under from the collection and use of their personal information by websites.
It replaces the Child Online Protection Act of 1988 (COPA), which was determined to be
unconstitutional.
✔✔The Communications Decency Act of 1996 - ✔✔Designed to protect persons 18
years of age and under from downloading or viewing material considered indecent. This
act has been subject to court cases that subsequently changed some definitions and
penalties.
