ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
◉ Metaplasia. Answer: Replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of
a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
◉ Necrosis. Answer: Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or
toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow
adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
,-Loss of function
◉ Coagulation Necrosis. Answer: Most common type of necrosis
Process that begins with ischemia
Ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Caused by ischemia/infarction
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated
functions in response to normal and injurious factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
◉ Proliferation. Answer: A rapid and often excessive spread or
increase
◉ Cell Differentiation. Answer: How generic embryonic cells become
specialized cells. This occurs through a process called gene
expression. Gene expression is the specific combination of genes
that are turned on or off (expressed or repressed), and this is what
dictates how a cell functions.
,◉ Endocytosis. Answer: The process of capturing a substance or
particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely
enclosed by the membrane.
At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and
moves the substance into the cytosol.
There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved
materials enter the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs the solid
material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
(2) Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma
membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved
substances to enter the cell
◉ Exocytosis. Answer: The process of vesicles fusing with the
plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the
cell
Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such
as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a
toxin.
Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on
top the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
, ◉ Mitosis. Answer: A type of cell division in which one cell (the
mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis
is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's
nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.
◉ *Chapter 5: Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue
Differentiation *. Answer:
◉ Gene. Answer: Invisible, information-containing elements that
exist in cells and are passed on to daughter cells when cells divide
◉ What do genes do?. Answer: Contains approximately 25,000
genes encoded by only four different deoxyribonucleotides
◉ What is the primary role of genes?. Answer: Directs synthesis of a
protein
◉ *Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders*. Answer:
◉ Chromosomal Disorders. Answer: Usually due to breakage and
loss or rearrangement of chromosome pieces during meiosis or
mitosis
Meiosis
COMPREHENSIVE TEST 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT
◉ Metaplasia. Answer: Replacement of one differentiated cell type
with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of
a cell type that is better suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
◉ Necrosis. Answer: Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or
toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow
adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
,-Loss of function
◉ Coagulation Necrosis. Answer: Most common type of necrosis
Process that begins with ischemia
Ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Caused by ischemia/infarction
◉ Atrophy. Answer: Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated
functions in response to normal and injurious factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
◉ Proliferation. Answer: A rapid and often excessive spread or
increase
◉ Cell Differentiation. Answer: How generic embryonic cells become
specialized cells. This occurs through a process called gene
expression. Gene expression is the specific combination of genes
that are turned on or off (expressed or repressed), and this is what
dictates how a cell functions.
,◉ Endocytosis. Answer: The process of capturing a substance or
particle from outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely
enclosed by the membrane.
At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and
moves the substance into the cytosol.
There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved
materials enter the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs the solid
material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
(2) Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma
membrane folds inward to form a channel allowing dissolved
substances to enter the cell
◉ Exocytosis. Answer: The process of vesicles fusing with the
plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the
cell
Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such
as a protein, or when the cell is getting rid of a waste product or a
toxin.
Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on
top the plasma membrane by exocytosis.
, ◉ Mitosis. Answer: A type of cell division in which one cell (the
mother) divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis
is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's
nucleus is split into two equal sets of chromosomes.
◉ *Chapter 5: Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue
Differentiation *. Answer:
◉ Gene. Answer: Invisible, information-containing elements that
exist in cells and are passed on to daughter cells when cells divide
◉ What do genes do?. Answer: Contains approximately 25,000
genes encoded by only four different deoxyribonucleotides
◉ What is the primary role of genes?. Answer: Directs synthesis of a
protein
◉ *Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders*. Answer:
◉ Chromosomal Disorders. Answer: Usually due to breakage and
loss or rearrangement of chromosome pieces during meiosis or
mitosis
Meiosis
