International Relations
Lectures 13-17
Lecture 13: Development politics (basic recap) 2
O’Brien and Williams - Chapter 11 (Economic development) 5
Brautigam 2018 US Politicians get China in Africa all wrong: 16
Lecture 14: Legacies of colonialism and slavery 17
Mamdani 1996 chapter 24
Adichie 2009: The Danger of a single story 32
Lecture 15: Trade, development and value chains 32
Yujia 2019: Is There a New International Trade Order? 40
World bank 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains 47
Lecture 16: Sustainable Development Goals 54
Stuart and Woodroffe 2016: Leaving no-one behind 54
Caballero 2019: 55
Lecture 17: Civil society as a channel towards development 55
Brass et al 2018 55
Dupuy et al 2017 55
,Lecture 13: Development politics (basic recap)
Focus:
● Prominent actors in post WW2
● Prominent countries
● Prominent ideas on how to develop
● Different ways of addressing “problems” in international order hindering development
● Variation in “development policy formulas”:
○ State vs non-state oriented
○ Export vs domestic oriented
○ Industry vs agriculture vs finance/services oriented
Stage I:
● Ca. 1945-1955
● Post-War US-supported reconstruction in Europe and N-A (Northern American) →
Fordist-oriented industrialization
○ The reconstruction is promoted by interstate cooperation and investment
○ Important factor was the Marshall plan → money and materials moving to
Europe to reconstruct the economies
● Decolonization and focus on former colonial commodities → Asian and Africa
○ Recent post colonial countries still focus on colonist commodities to promote
economic growth
● Evolution Cold War leading to political alliances between developed and developing
countries
○ Cold war powers start to influence states
○ Development policies become tainted from ideological disagreements between
ideological powers
■ So American → liberal markets
■ Or Russian → State led socialism
○ So development policies largely influenced by the cold war
● Declining terms of trade
○ Prices of exports fall and imports rise → Exports of raw and imports of
manufactured goods
○ So new development policies to remedy this
,Stage II
● Ca. 1955-1970
● Expansion of industrial Fordist capitalism N-A and Europe
○ Expansion state (welfare state) → governments more responsible for citizens
○ Government institutions built and developed to take care of their citizens
● ‘Import Substitution Industrialization’ experiment in Latin America and Africa
○ Based on declining trade
○ Solutions:
■ Protect emerging industries
■ Industry over agriculture
● OECD donors and development cooperation
● Little spill-over of industrial revenues to other parts of economy
Stage III
● Ca. 1970-1980 → turbulent events and trends take turns
● Debt-led, income and redistribution focused growth in many developing economies
● International Labor Organization; OECD donors; World Bank during McNamara era
○ Development should not only be about national aggregate measurements of
whether economies are advancing
○ Increasing consensus about development being about individual and community
level measurements → are communities growing economically
● Stalling growth in N-A and Europe
○ US → President Nixon making moves in economic and monetary policies
■ Showing that the US is not willing to rule the world with the common
world order interest in mind
■ His moves mean that the US dollar is no longer the world stability
currency → Bretton Woods compromise is dead
● Oil crisis; Eurodollars
○ Oil exporting economy governments challenge Europe and US
○ Showing their economic force to increase and decrease the prices of energy in
which European and American economies rely on
● G77 resist super-power dominance
○ Post colonial countries are successful in aligning with each other which signal to
cold war powers that they need to be recognised as significant powers
○ Post colonial countries invest in organisational forms where they can demand a
new economic world order where their interests are taken first rather than the
USSR and US interests.
, Stage IV:
● CA. 1980-1990s
● Europe and North America focus on curbing government spending (lowering debt and
enabling matters to stimulate growth)
● Neoliberalism takes hold and structural adjustment
○ Possibilities to privatise former government institutions
○ Quite a turn in thinking of development
○ Structural adjustment → adjusts to a more liberal form
● Acceleration of globalisation and manufacturing
○ Significance of rounds of liberalisation of trade (agreed upon by a community of
states)
○ GATT
○ Neoliberal ideas that inspire domestically and internationally → global economic
structures that emphasis on growth through globalisation
● Paradoxical decade:
○ Focus on balanced government account
○ Privatise public sector and liberalise markets
○ Washington Consensus?IMF and World Bank
○ Relevance of Southeast Asia: Japan (export-oriented growth which shares with
the Washington consensus models and also involves a lot of state coordination
and involvement to stimulate growth), Asian tigers, NICs
■ Becomes very prominent in Southeast Asia
■ Other countries inspired (e.g. Ghana) inspired by the Asian tigers
Stage V:
● 1990-2005
● Finance and ICT-led growth in North America, Europe, and Asia
● Two trends:
○ Good governance as developmental paradigm (crucial for development)
○ A state with certain features matters (like dealing with accountability, corruption
and lack of transparency with businesses)
○ Promoting independent institutions, accountable public administration
○ Civil Society Organizations as channels of developmental efforts
■ Pushed forward by World Bank, OECD
Present Era?
● Really difficult to point it down with what is relevant
● Rising powers (rising power economy): China, Brazil, and India → competition in
development assistance donorship
Lectures 13-17
Lecture 13: Development politics (basic recap) 2
O’Brien and Williams - Chapter 11 (Economic development) 5
Brautigam 2018 US Politicians get China in Africa all wrong: 16
Lecture 14: Legacies of colonialism and slavery 17
Mamdani 1996 chapter 24
Adichie 2009: The Danger of a single story 32
Lecture 15: Trade, development and value chains 32
Yujia 2019: Is There a New International Trade Order? 40
World bank 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains 47
Lecture 16: Sustainable Development Goals 54
Stuart and Woodroffe 2016: Leaving no-one behind 54
Caballero 2019: 55
Lecture 17: Civil society as a channel towards development 55
Brass et al 2018 55
Dupuy et al 2017 55
,Lecture 13: Development politics (basic recap)
Focus:
● Prominent actors in post WW2
● Prominent countries
● Prominent ideas on how to develop
● Different ways of addressing “problems” in international order hindering development
● Variation in “development policy formulas”:
○ State vs non-state oriented
○ Export vs domestic oriented
○ Industry vs agriculture vs finance/services oriented
Stage I:
● Ca. 1945-1955
● Post-War US-supported reconstruction in Europe and N-A (Northern American) →
Fordist-oriented industrialization
○ The reconstruction is promoted by interstate cooperation and investment
○ Important factor was the Marshall plan → money and materials moving to
Europe to reconstruct the economies
● Decolonization and focus on former colonial commodities → Asian and Africa
○ Recent post colonial countries still focus on colonist commodities to promote
economic growth
● Evolution Cold War leading to political alliances between developed and developing
countries
○ Cold war powers start to influence states
○ Development policies become tainted from ideological disagreements between
ideological powers
■ So American → liberal markets
■ Or Russian → State led socialism
○ So development policies largely influenced by the cold war
● Declining terms of trade
○ Prices of exports fall and imports rise → Exports of raw and imports of
manufactured goods
○ So new development policies to remedy this
,Stage II
● Ca. 1955-1970
● Expansion of industrial Fordist capitalism N-A and Europe
○ Expansion state (welfare state) → governments more responsible for citizens
○ Government institutions built and developed to take care of their citizens
● ‘Import Substitution Industrialization’ experiment in Latin America and Africa
○ Based on declining trade
○ Solutions:
■ Protect emerging industries
■ Industry over agriculture
● OECD donors and development cooperation
● Little spill-over of industrial revenues to other parts of economy
Stage III
● Ca. 1970-1980 → turbulent events and trends take turns
● Debt-led, income and redistribution focused growth in many developing economies
● International Labor Organization; OECD donors; World Bank during McNamara era
○ Development should not only be about national aggregate measurements of
whether economies are advancing
○ Increasing consensus about development being about individual and community
level measurements → are communities growing economically
● Stalling growth in N-A and Europe
○ US → President Nixon making moves in economic and monetary policies
■ Showing that the US is not willing to rule the world with the common
world order interest in mind
■ His moves mean that the US dollar is no longer the world stability
currency → Bretton Woods compromise is dead
● Oil crisis; Eurodollars
○ Oil exporting economy governments challenge Europe and US
○ Showing their economic force to increase and decrease the prices of energy in
which European and American economies rely on
● G77 resist super-power dominance
○ Post colonial countries are successful in aligning with each other which signal to
cold war powers that they need to be recognised as significant powers
○ Post colonial countries invest in organisational forms where they can demand a
new economic world order where their interests are taken first rather than the
USSR and US interests.
, Stage IV:
● CA. 1980-1990s
● Europe and North America focus on curbing government spending (lowering debt and
enabling matters to stimulate growth)
● Neoliberalism takes hold and structural adjustment
○ Possibilities to privatise former government institutions
○ Quite a turn in thinking of development
○ Structural adjustment → adjusts to a more liberal form
● Acceleration of globalisation and manufacturing
○ Significance of rounds of liberalisation of trade (agreed upon by a community of
states)
○ GATT
○ Neoliberal ideas that inspire domestically and internationally → global economic
structures that emphasis on growth through globalisation
● Paradoxical decade:
○ Focus on balanced government account
○ Privatise public sector and liberalise markets
○ Washington Consensus?IMF and World Bank
○ Relevance of Southeast Asia: Japan (export-oriented growth which shares with
the Washington consensus models and also involves a lot of state coordination
and involvement to stimulate growth), Asian tigers, NICs
■ Becomes very prominent in Southeast Asia
■ Other countries inspired (e.g. Ghana) inspired by the Asian tigers
Stage V:
● 1990-2005
● Finance and ICT-led growth in North America, Europe, and Asia
● Two trends:
○ Good governance as developmental paradigm (crucial for development)
○ A state with certain features matters (like dealing with accountability, corruption
and lack of transparency with businesses)
○ Promoting independent institutions, accountable public administration
○ Civil Society Organizations as channels of developmental efforts
■ Pushed forward by World Bank, OECD
Present Era?
● Really difficult to point it down with what is relevant
● Rising powers (rising power economy): China, Brazil, and India → competition in
development assistance donorship
