Samenvatting ontwikkelingspsychologie
Inhoud
Week 1...............................................................................................................................5
Nature – Nurture debat................................................................................................................5
‘Pure’ (nature) ontwikkelingstheorieën..........................................................................................................5
Nurture – theorieën........................................................................................................................................5
Belangrijkste externe invloeden op de prenatale ontwikkeling....................................................5
Teratogene effecten (schadelijke effecten van buitenaf):.............................................................................5
Geboorte APGAR-score................................................................................................................6
Groei verhoudingen......................................................................................................................6
Reflexen.......................................................................................................................................7
Aangeboren fysieke vaardigheden:................................................................................................................7
Motorische ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................8
Grove motorische ontwikkeling......................................................................................................................8
Fijne motorische vaardigheden......................................................................................................................8
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget...................................................................................................9
Fases in de ontwikkeling volgens Piaget:........................................................................................................9
Sensomotorische fase...................................................................................................................................10
Geheugen in de babytijd.............................................................................................................11
Taalontwikkeling baby’s.............................................................................................................11
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.....................................................................................................11
Zelfconcept...................................................................................................................................................11
Ontwakend zelfbesef..................................................................................................................11
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.....................................................................................................12
Temperament...............................................................................................................................................12
Temperament.............................................................................................................................12
Basis van sociaal gedrag.............................................................................................................12
Emoties.........................................................................................................................................................12
Hechting.....................................................................................................................................12
Week 2.............................................................................................................................13
Hechtingsontwikkeling...............................................................................................................13
Plasticiteit...................................................................................................................................13
Ontwikkeling is flexibel.................................................................................................................................13
Flexibel, maar….............................................................................................................................................13
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................14
Preoperationele fase....................................................................................................................................14
Informatieverwerkingstheorie....................................................................................................14
Taalontwikkeling peuters en kleuters.........................................................................................14
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................15
Conflict in de babyfase (1e fase)...................................................................................................................15
Conflict in de peutertijd (2e fase).................................................................................................................15
1
, Conflict in de kleutertijd (3e fase)................................................................................................................15
Theory of mind...........................................................................................................................15
Vriendschappen en spelen..........................................................................................................16
Spelcategorieën............................................................................................................................................16
Sekserolontwikkeling Gender....................................................................................................16
Verklaring ontstaan gender........................................................................................................16
Week 3.............................................................................................................................17
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................17
Concreet operationele fase..........................................................................................................................17
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Vygotsky.............................................................................................17
Cultuur heeft invloed op cognitieve ontwikkeling........................................................................................17
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................18
Conflict in de schooltijd (4e fase)..................................................................................................................18
Identiteit: zelfomschrijving.........................................................................................................18
Bronfenbrenner: ecologische systeemtheorie............................................................................19
Invloed van ouders.....................................................................................................................20
Opvoedingsstijl...........................................................................................................................20
De veranderende thuisomgeving................................................................................................20
Echtscheiding..............................................................................................................................20
Relaties met leeftijdsgenoten.....................................................................................................21
Pesten........................................................................................................................................21
Morele ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................22
Week 4.............................................................................................................................23
Opvoedingsstijl...........................................................................................................................23
Onderzoek van Baumrind.............................................................................................................................23
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................23
De pubertijd..................................................................................................................................................23
Rijping...........................................................................................................................................................23
Hersenontwikkeling......................................................................................................................................23
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................24
Formeel operationele fase............................................................................................................................24
Informatieverwerkingstheorie....................................................................................................24
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................25
Conflict in de adolescentie (5e fase).............................................................................................................25
Marcia’s theorie van identiteitsontwikkeling.............................................................................26
4 identiteitscategorieën voor adolescenten.................................................................................................26
Culturele identiteit.....................................................................................................................26
Zelfbeeld en eigenwaarde..........................................................................................................26
Erbij horen..................................................................................................................................27
Gezin en opvoeding....................................................................................................................27
2
, Genderontwikkeling...................................................................................................................27
Week 5.............................................................................................................................28
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................28
Veroudering................................................................................................................................28
Denken vanaf de jongvolwassenheid..........................................................................................28
Formeel of postformeel..............................................................................................................29
Het denken volgens Schaie.........................................................................................................29
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................30
Conflict in de jongvolwassenheid (6e fase)...................................................................................................30
Vriendschap in de (jong)volwassenheid......................................................................................31
Een relatie aangaan....................................................................................................................31
Sociale ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................32
Relatie aangaan............................................................................................................................................32
Verloop relaties..........................................................................................................................33
Single zijn...................................................................................................................................33
De sociale klok............................................................................................................................33
Ouderschap................................................................................................................................33
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................33
Week 6.............................................................................................................................34
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................34
De overgang...............................................................................................................................34
Cognitieve achteruitgang vs werk en beroep..............................................................................34
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................35
Conflict in de volwassenheid (7e fase)..........................................................................................................35
Sandwiched generation..............................................................................................................35
Omgaan met ouder worden.......................................................................................................35
Gezinsleven................................................................................................................................36
Echtscheiding..............................................................................................................................36
Grootouderschap........................................................................................................................36
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................36
Week 7.............................................................................................................................37
Cultuur en visie op ouder worden..............................................................................................37
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................37
Verouderingsprocessen..............................................................................................................38
Theorieën over veroudering.......................................................................................................38
Achteruitgang van het geheugen................................................................................................38
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................39
3
, Conflict in de ouderdom (8e fase).................................................................................................................39
Drie ontwikkelingstaken zullen leiden tot integriteit (PECK).......................................................40
Levinson en Neugarten...............................................................................................................40
Life review..................................................................................................................................41
Levensgeluk................................................................................................................................41
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................41
Huwelijk, van samen naar alleen................................................................................................42
Waarom vriendschappen zo belangrijk zijn tijdens ouderdom...................................................42
De dood in verschillende levensstadia........................................................................................42
4
Inhoud
Week 1...............................................................................................................................5
Nature – Nurture debat................................................................................................................5
‘Pure’ (nature) ontwikkelingstheorieën..........................................................................................................5
Nurture – theorieën........................................................................................................................................5
Belangrijkste externe invloeden op de prenatale ontwikkeling....................................................5
Teratogene effecten (schadelijke effecten van buitenaf):.............................................................................5
Geboorte APGAR-score................................................................................................................6
Groei verhoudingen......................................................................................................................6
Reflexen.......................................................................................................................................7
Aangeboren fysieke vaardigheden:................................................................................................................7
Motorische ontwikkeling..............................................................................................................8
Grove motorische ontwikkeling......................................................................................................................8
Fijne motorische vaardigheden......................................................................................................................8
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget...................................................................................................9
Fases in de ontwikkeling volgens Piaget:........................................................................................................9
Sensomotorische fase...................................................................................................................................10
Geheugen in de babytijd.............................................................................................................11
Taalontwikkeling baby’s.............................................................................................................11
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.....................................................................................................11
Zelfconcept...................................................................................................................................................11
Ontwakend zelfbesef..................................................................................................................11
Persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.....................................................................................................12
Temperament...............................................................................................................................................12
Temperament.............................................................................................................................12
Basis van sociaal gedrag.............................................................................................................12
Emoties.........................................................................................................................................................12
Hechting.....................................................................................................................................12
Week 2.............................................................................................................................13
Hechtingsontwikkeling...............................................................................................................13
Plasticiteit...................................................................................................................................13
Ontwikkeling is flexibel.................................................................................................................................13
Flexibel, maar….............................................................................................................................................13
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................14
Preoperationele fase....................................................................................................................................14
Informatieverwerkingstheorie....................................................................................................14
Taalontwikkeling peuters en kleuters.........................................................................................14
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................15
Conflict in de babyfase (1e fase)...................................................................................................................15
Conflict in de peutertijd (2e fase).................................................................................................................15
1
, Conflict in de kleutertijd (3e fase)................................................................................................................15
Theory of mind...........................................................................................................................15
Vriendschappen en spelen..........................................................................................................16
Spelcategorieën............................................................................................................................................16
Sekserolontwikkeling Gender....................................................................................................16
Verklaring ontstaan gender........................................................................................................16
Week 3.............................................................................................................................17
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................17
Concreet operationele fase..........................................................................................................................17
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Vygotsky.............................................................................................17
Cultuur heeft invloed op cognitieve ontwikkeling........................................................................................17
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................18
Conflict in de schooltijd (4e fase)..................................................................................................................18
Identiteit: zelfomschrijving.........................................................................................................18
Bronfenbrenner: ecologische systeemtheorie............................................................................19
Invloed van ouders.....................................................................................................................20
Opvoedingsstijl...........................................................................................................................20
De veranderende thuisomgeving................................................................................................20
Echtscheiding..............................................................................................................................20
Relaties met leeftijdsgenoten.....................................................................................................21
Pesten........................................................................................................................................21
Morele ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................22
Week 4.............................................................................................................................23
Opvoedingsstijl...........................................................................................................................23
Onderzoek van Baumrind.............................................................................................................................23
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................23
De pubertijd..................................................................................................................................................23
Rijping...........................................................................................................................................................23
Hersenontwikkeling......................................................................................................................................23
Cognitieve ontwikkeling: Piaget.................................................................................................24
Formeel operationele fase............................................................................................................................24
Informatieverwerkingstheorie....................................................................................................24
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................25
Conflict in de adolescentie (5e fase).............................................................................................................25
Marcia’s theorie van identiteitsontwikkeling.............................................................................26
4 identiteitscategorieën voor adolescenten.................................................................................................26
Culturele identiteit.....................................................................................................................26
Zelfbeeld en eigenwaarde..........................................................................................................26
Erbij horen..................................................................................................................................27
Gezin en opvoeding....................................................................................................................27
2
, Genderontwikkeling...................................................................................................................27
Week 5.............................................................................................................................28
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................28
Veroudering................................................................................................................................28
Denken vanaf de jongvolwassenheid..........................................................................................28
Formeel of postformeel..............................................................................................................29
Het denken volgens Schaie.........................................................................................................29
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................30
Conflict in de jongvolwassenheid (6e fase)...................................................................................................30
Vriendschap in de (jong)volwassenheid......................................................................................31
Een relatie aangaan....................................................................................................................31
Sociale ontwikkeling...................................................................................................................32
Relatie aangaan............................................................................................................................................32
Verloop relaties..........................................................................................................................33
Single zijn...................................................................................................................................33
De sociale klok............................................................................................................................33
Ouderschap................................................................................................................................33
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................33
Week 6.............................................................................................................................34
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................34
De overgang...............................................................................................................................34
Cognitieve achteruitgang vs werk en beroep..............................................................................34
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................35
Conflict in de volwassenheid (7e fase)..........................................................................................................35
Sandwiched generation..............................................................................................................35
Omgaan met ouder worden.......................................................................................................35
Gezinsleven................................................................................................................................36
Echtscheiding..............................................................................................................................36
Grootouderschap........................................................................................................................36
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................36
Week 7.............................................................................................................................37
Cultuur en visie op ouder worden..............................................................................................37
Fysieke ontwikkeling..................................................................................................................37
Verouderingsprocessen..............................................................................................................38
Theorieën over veroudering.......................................................................................................38
Achteruitgang van het geheugen................................................................................................38
Psychosociale ontwikkeling: Erikson...........................................................................................39
3
, Conflict in de ouderdom (8e fase).................................................................................................................39
Drie ontwikkelingstaken zullen leiden tot integriteit (PECK).......................................................40
Levinson en Neugarten...............................................................................................................40
Life review..................................................................................................................................41
Levensgeluk................................................................................................................................41
Werk en beroep..........................................................................................................................41
Huwelijk, van samen naar alleen................................................................................................42
Waarom vriendschappen zo belangrijk zijn tijdens ouderdom...................................................42
De dood in verschillende levensstadia........................................................................................42
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