Criminalistiek
Bram Bekaert & Co
Inhoudsopgave
INLEIDING...............................................................................................................14
Wat is criminalistiek?............................................................................................14
Forensische wetenschappen vs criminalistiek ........................................................14
Forensische tijdlijn.............................................................................................14
Bertillonage ......................................................................................................15
Edmond Locard .................................................................................................15
Paul Kirk ..........................................................................................................15
Wanneer beroep doen op forensische wetenschappen?..........................................16
6xw .................................................................................................................17
Waarheidsvinding ................................................................................................18
Principe van materiele bewijsvoering ...................................................................18
Principes van het forensisch onderzoek...................................................................18
1) Zoeken en opnemen van sporen ...................................................................18
2) Exploitatie van sporen .................................................................................20
1) Bewijs voor de rechter ................................................................................21
Hiërarchie van stellingen .......................................................................................22
Combinatie van disciplines? ................................................................................23
Sporenonderzoek in België ....................................................................................23
Politie: oude vs. Nieuwe structuur .......................................................................23
Opdrachten van de lokale politie .........................................................................23
Federale politie .................................................................................................23
Opdrachten van de bestuurlijke politie ..............................................................24
Opdrachten van de gerechtelijke politie ............................................................24
• Organisatie Federale Gerechtelijke Politie (FGP) ...........................................25
• Operationeel misdrijfanalyst (OMA) ...........................................................25
Sporenonderzoek in België .................................................................................25
Federale vs. Lokale politie ...................................................................................25
Politionele databanken .........................................................................................26
1
, Het arrondissementeel informatiekruispunt (AIK) ...................................................26
Viclas = Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System ......................................................27
Sporendatabank (SDB en SDB 2.0)........................................................................27
Nationaal Instituut voor Criminalistiek en Criminologie (NICC/INCC) .........................27
Forensisch adviseur ........................................................................................28
BEWIJSKETTING - BIOLOGISCH SPORENONDERZOEK - ZSG ............................................29
Procesverloop van sporenonderzoek ......................................................................29
Bewijsketen ......................................................................................................29
Biologische sporen ............................................................................................30
Vier centrale vragen...........................................................................................30
Kwaliteitscontrole en accreditatie ..........................................................................30
ISO-normen ......................................................................................................30
Welke maatregelen voor bedrijven om DNA contaminatie te minimaliseren ...............31
Inbeslagname van biologische sporen ..................................................................31
Beschermingsmaatregelen..................................................................................31
Verpakken en bewaren van sporen .........................................................................32
Optimale bewaring en transport van overtuigingsstukken .........................................32
Onderzoek van overtuigingsstukken .....................................................................32
Voorkomen van contaminatie – DNA transfer ........................................................32
AFSTAPPING TER PLAATSE.........................................................................................33
Algemene begrippen ............................................................................................33
Crime scene = plaats delict (PD) ...........................................................................33
Fysisch bewijsmateriaal (‘sporen’) ........................................................................33
Onderzoek Plaats Delict ........................................................................................33
Afstapping op de plaats van significante misdrijven ................................................33
Crime scene managment ....................................................................................34
Significante misdrijven .......................................................................................34
Ongewoon sterfgeval (OSG) .............................................................................34
Afstappingsparadox ...........................................................................................35
1e inschatting van een overlijden gebeurt door “generalisten”: .............................35
Valkuilen die kunnen leiden tot onjuist advies: ...................................................35
2
, Resultaat ......................................................................................................35
Oplossing .....................................................................................................35
Doelstelling ...................................................................................................35
Perimeters ..........................................................................................................36
Gerechtelijke uitsluitingszone ..............................................................................36
Isolatiezone ......................................................................................................36
Ontradingszone.................................................................................................36
Andere begrippen .............................................................................................36
Looppad .......................................................................................................36
Plaats 1e afspraak ..........................................................................................37
Commandopost .............................................................................................37
Coördinatieprincipes ............................................................................................37
1) Oproep (lokale politie of cic) en dispatching ...................................................37
2) 1e interventie (eerstelijnspolitie lokale) ..........................................................37
3) Beheer PD (door 1e lijnspolitie, gespecialiseerde afstappingsteams, LTWP) ..........38
4) Dadergericht tactisch onderzoek (niet verder behandeld) .................................38
Kernfuncties .....................................................................................................38
CO ...............................................................................................................38
PD-manager ..................................................................................................38
Labo-coördinator ...........................................................................................39
Beheerder Inbeslagnames (IBN) .......................................................................39
Beheer tactisch onderzoek ..............................................................................39
Beheer tactisch onderzoek ..............................................................................40
Project FGP Limburg/OVL: optimalisatie ...............................................................40
Missie 1: verbeteren van de afstapping ter plaatse ..............................................40
Missie 2: verbeteren van de kwaliteit van moordonderzoeken ..............................40
Technisch onderzoek op de PD ...............................................................................41
Samenwerking op de PD.....................................................................................41
Orientatietesten (LTWP) .....................................................................................41
Taak LTWP + … ..................................................................................................41
Tijdens werkzaamheden & na de afstapping : ........................................................42
3
, Briefing ........................................................................................................42
Vier fasen.........................................................................................................42
Fase 1: Rondgang met inspectie .......................................................................42
Fase 2: Opname meest kwetsbare sporen ..........................................................42
Fase 3: Opname sporen op het lichaam .............................................................43
Fase 4: Opname minder kwetsbare sporen ........................................................43
IDENTIFICATIE DOOR MIDDEL VAN BIOMETRIE ............................................................44
Introduction ........................................................................................................44
Definition biometrics biometrie ...........................................................................44
Main biometric identifiers ..................................................................................44
Soft biometric identifiers ....................................................................................44
Applications of biometrics .....................................................................................44
Civil applications ...............................................................................................44
Commercial Applications ....................................................................................45
Forensic applications .........................................................................................45
History of biometrics ............................................................................................45
Types of identity ..................................................................................................45
Personal recognition: two modii operandi .............................................................45
Positive vs negative identification ........................................................................46
Example: ......................................................................................................46
Traditional identification: approaches ...................................................................46
Disadvanatages .............................................................................................46
Biometric identification ......................................................................................47
Biometric system architecture ...............................................................................47
Data Acquisition Module ....................................................................................47
Feature Extraction Module .................................................................................47
Matching Module ..............................................................................................48
Decision Module ...............................................................................................48
Storage Module ................................................................................................48
Operational modes...............................................................................................48
Enrolment ........................................................................................................48
4
, Verification/authentication (1-to-1) ......................................................................49
Identification/Recognition (1-to-N) ......................................................................49
Requirements and performance .............................................................................49
Requirements ...................................................................................................49
Biometric Identifiers .......................................................................................49
Biometric system ...........................................................................................49
Performance.....................................................................................................50
Accuracy: ideal situation .................................................................................50
Accuracy: real situation...................................................................................51
Measure of performance ................................................................................51
• Imposter and Genuine Score Distributions ..................................................51
• FAR and FRR from score distributions .........................................................51
• DET and ROC curves ................................................................................52
• Verification performance numbers ............................................................52
• Identification system error rates ................................................................53
• Cumulative Match Characteristic (CMC) curve .............................................53
• Caveat: FMR (verification) versus FPIR (identification) ...................................53
• User-dependent FA and FR behaviour ........................................................54
• Other quantitative measures: ...................................................................55
Costs............................................................................................................55
Human factors ..................................................................................................55
Examples of biometric Identifiers ...........................................................................56
Fingerprint .......................................................................................................56
Face ................................................................................................................56
Ear ..................................................................................................................57
Retina..............................................................................................................57
Iris ..................................................................................................................58
Hand ...............................................................................................................58
Signature .........................................................................................................58
Speaker ...........................................................................................................59
Other Biometric Techniques ................................................................................59
5
, Eyeprint........................................................................................................59
Multi-modal biometrics ..................................................................................59
BLOEDSPORENONDERZOEK – BPA ..............................................................................60
Inleiding..............................................................................................................60
Bloedsporen .....................................................................................................60
Definities .........................................................................................................60
Classificatie .........................................................................................................61
Passief .............................................................................................................61
Transfer & flow ..............................................................................................61
Druppels ......................................................................................................61
Circulaire volumes .........................................................................................61
Spatten ............................................................................................................62
Vorm van de spatten ......................................................................................62
Impact mechanismen .....................................................................................62
Secunddaire mechanimsen..............................................................................62
Projecties .....................................................................................................63
Gewijzigd .........................................................................................................63
Documentatie bloedsporen ................................................................................64
Oorsprongsbepaling .............................................................................................64
GLASSPOREN ..........................................................................................................65
Inleiding glas .......................................................................................................65
Glas als forensisch bewijs ...................................................................................65
Samenstelling van glas .......................................................................................65
Type glas ..........................................................................................................65
Fabricageproces ................................................................................................66
Onderzoek van glas ..............................................................................................66
1. Breuklijnanalyse .........................................................................................66
glasbreukanalyse ...........................................................................................67
2. Verzamelen van glasfragmenten ...................................................................67
Op plaats delict .............................................................................................67
In het labo ....................................................................................................67
6
, Vergelijkend onderzoek: overzicht ....................................................................68
Identificatie van glas .......................................................................................68
3. Classificatie van glas....................................................................................68
4. Densiteit van glas .......................................................................................69
5. Bepaling van brekingsindex (refractive index - RI) ............................................69
Wet van Snell ................................................................................................69
Immersiemethode .........................................................................................69
Glass Refractive Index Measurement (GRIM) ......................................................70
Ideaal forensisch tool? ....................................................................................70
6. Elementanalyse ..........................................................................................70
LA-ICP-MS = Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ...........71
7. Data interpretatie .......................................................................................71
Matching criteria ...........................................................................................71
NFI glasdatabank ...........................................................................................71
8. Transfer van glasfragmenten ........................................................................72
Transfer: glasfragmenten op kledij ....................................................................72
Transfer: glasfragmenten op de grond ...............................................................72
Conclusies ........................................................................................................72
FORENSISCH VERFONDERZOEK ..................................................................................73
Verfproductie/samenstelling van verf .....................................................................73
1) Bindmiddel ................................................................................................73
2) Pigmenten.................................................................................................73
3) Vulstoffen..................................................................................................74
4) Oplosmiddel ..............................................................................................74
5) Hulpstoffen/additieven................................................................................74
Autoverfsporen .................................................................................................74
OEM repair.......................................................................................................75
Ontstaan van verfsporen .......................................................................................75
Forensisch relevante fysische en chemische karakteristieken ...................................75
Onderzoek van verfsporen ....................................................................................75
Soorten analyses ...............................................................................................75
7
, Stap 0: verfmonsters verzamelen .........................................................................75
Stap 1: fysieke karakterisering .............................................................................75
Stap 2: .............................................................................................................76
Lagenopbouw ...............................................................................................76
Kleurvergelijking ............................................................................................76
Stap 3: microscopie ...........................................................................................76
Stap 4: IR spectroscopie .....................................................................................76
Stap 5: chemische karakterisatie ..........................................................................76
Uitdagingen ..................................................................................................76
Transfer van haren ...............................................................................................77
Haren kunnen actief of passief getransfereerd worden ............................................77
Transfer afhankelijk van ......................................................................................77
Morfologisch haaranalyse .....................................................................................77
Proces van haaronderzoek ....................................................................................77
1. Staalname .................................................................................................77
2. Macroscopisch onderzoek ...........................................................................78
Doel: ............................................................................................................78
Groeifasen ....................................................................................................78
Menselijk vs. dierlijk .......................................................................................78
3. Microscopisch onderzoek ............................................................................78
Voor uitwendige kenmerken ............................................................................78
Voor inwendige kenmerken .............................................................................78
Haarpathologiën ............................................................................................78
Biogeografische achtergrond ...........................................................................78
Lichaamsoorsprong van haren .........................................................................79
Variatie binnen het haar zelf ............................................................................79
Besluiten uit een vergelijkend onderzoek ...........................................................79
4. DAPI-kleuring.............................................................................................79
5. DNA-onderzoek..........................................................................................79
Inleiding..............................................................................................................80
Structuur van textielmaterialen...............................................................................80
8
, Vezeltypes ...........................................................................................................80
Monsterafname ...................................................................................................80
Soorten ...........................................................................................................80
Voor- en nadelen 1:1 taping ................................................................................81
Type onderzoeken ................................................................................................81
Vergelijkend onderzoek ......................................................................................81
Vergelijkend textielonderzoek ..........................................................................82
Vergelijkend vezelonderzoek - analyse...............................................................82
Vergelijkend vezelonderzoek – evaluatie............................................................82
Limieten van vergeljkend vezelonderzoek ..........................................................84
Microscopische analyse ..................................................................................84
Investigatief (herkomst)onderzoek .......................................................................85
Infotapings....................................................................................................85
Mogelijke redenen voor afwezigheid doelvezels .................................................86
Textielbeschadigingen ....................................................................................86
VINGERSPOREN .......................................................................................................87
Toepassing dactyloscopie .......................................................................................87
Anatomie van vingersafdrukken ..............................................................................87
Oppervlaktekarakteristieken ...................................................................................87
Classificatie: 4 basispatronen ..................................................................................88
Onveranderlijkheid ...............................................................................................88
Behandeling substraten ........................................................................................88
Poreuze materialen ...........................................................................................88
Ninhydrine ....................................................................................................88
Fysieke ontwikkelaar (FO)................................................................................89
Oil Red O ......................................................................................................89
Nile Red .......................................................................................................89
Niet-poreuze materialen.....................................................................................89
Vingerafdrukpoeders ......................................................................................89
Cyanoacrylaat ...............................................................................................89
Vacuüm metaal depositie ................................................................................90
9
, Vingersporenonderzoek ........................................................................................90
Op tape ...........................................................................................................90
Op hulzen ........................................................................................................90
In bloed ...........................................................................................................90
Op overledenen ................................................................................................91
Nieuwe technieken ............................................................................................91
Beeldverbeteringstechnieken ................................................................................91
Beperkende factoren .........................................................................................91
Analyse methoden ...............................................................................................92
Software APFIS..................................................................................................92
ACE-V ..............................................................................................................92
Analyse: .......................................................................................................92
Comparison ..................................................................................................93
Evaluation.....................................................................................................93
Verification ...................................................................................................93
Rapporteren van de sterke van een match ............................................................93
Afname vingerafdrukken in België ...........................................................................94
Betrouwbaarheid van de beslissingen ......................................................................94
OORSPOREN ...........................................................................................................95
Rol binnen forensisch sporenonderzoek ...................................................................95
Methode van Victor Iannarelli ................................................................................95
Classificatie van referentieafdrukken ......................................................................95
Primaire classificatie ..........................................................................................95
Secundaire classificatie ......................................................................................95
Metrische afmetingen volgens 12-punten systeem:.............................................96
Methode van Cor van der Lugt ................................................................................96
Methode dienst Expertise ......................................................................................96
Vergelijking ..........................................................................................................97
Voordelen van oorsporen .......................................................................................97
Limieten van oorsporen .........................................................................................97
Bronnen van variatie .............................................................................................97
10
Bram Bekaert & Co
Inhoudsopgave
INLEIDING...............................................................................................................14
Wat is criminalistiek?............................................................................................14
Forensische wetenschappen vs criminalistiek ........................................................14
Forensische tijdlijn.............................................................................................14
Bertillonage ......................................................................................................15
Edmond Locard .................................................................................................15
Paul Kirk ..........................................................................................................15
Wanneer beroep doen op forensische wetenschappen?..........................................16
6xw .................................................................................................................17
Waarheidsvinding ................................................................................................18
Principe van materiele bewijsvoering ...................................................................18
Principes van het forensisch onderzoek...................................................................18
1) Zoeken en opnemen van sporen ...................................................................18
2) Exploitatie van sporen .................................................................................20
1) Bewijs voor de rechter ................................................................................21
Hiërarchie van stellingen .......................................................................................22
Combinatie van disciplines? ................................................................................23
Sporenonderzoek in België ....................................................................................23
Politie: oude vs. Nieuwe structuur .......................................................................23
Opdrachten van de lokale politie .........................................................................23
Federale politie .................................................................................................23
Opdrachten van de bestuurlijke politie ..............................................................24
Opdrachten van de gerechtelijke politie ............................................................24
• Organisatie Federale Gerechtelijke Politie (FGP) ...........................................25
• Operationeel misdrijfanalyst (OMA) ...........................................................25
Sporenonderzoek in België .................................................................................25
Federale vs. Lokale politie ...................................................................................25
Politionele databanken .........................................................................................26
1
, Het arrondissementeel informatiekruispunt (AIK) ...................................................26
Viclas = Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System ......................................................27
Sporendatabank (SDB en SDB 2.0)........................................................................27
Nationaal Instituut voor Criminalistiek en Criminologie (NICC/INCC) .........................27
Forensisch adviseur ........................................................................................28
BEWIJSKETTING - BIOLOGISCH SPORENONDERZOEK - ZSG ............................................29
Procesverloop van sporenonderzoek ......................................................................29
Bewijsketen ......................................................................................................29
Biologische sporen ............................................................................................30
Vier centrale vragen...........................................................................................30
Kwaliteitscontrole en accreditatie ..........................................................................30
ISO-normen ......................................................................................................30
Welke maatregelen voor bedrijven om DNA contaminatie te minimaliseren ...............31
Inbeslagname van biologische sporen ..................................................................31
Beschermingsmaatregelen..................................................................................31
Verpakken en bewaren van sporen .........................................................................32
Optimale bewaring en transport van overtuigingsstukken .........................................32
Onderzoek van overtuigingsstukken .....................................................................32
Voorkomen van contaminatie – DNA transfer ........................................................32
AFSTAPPING TER PLAATSE.........................................................................................33
Algemene begrippen ............................................................................................33
Crime scene = plaats delict (PD) ...........................................................................33
Fysisch bewijsmateriaal (‘sporen’) ........................................................................33
Onderzoek Plaats Delict ........................................................................................33
Afstapping op de plaats van significante misdrijven ................................................33
Crime scene managment ....................................................................................34
Significante misdrijven .......................................................................................34
Ongewoon sterfgeval (OSG) .............................................................................34
Afstappingsparadox ...........................................................................................35
1e inschatting van een overlijden gebeurt door “generalisten”: .............................35
Valkuilen die kunnen leiden tot onjuist advies: ...................................................35
2
, Resultaat ......................................................................................................35
Oplossing .....................................................................................................35
Doelstelling ...................................................................................................35
Perimeters ..........................................................................................................36
Gerechtelijke uitsluitingszone ..............................................................................36
Isolatiezone ......................................................................................................36
Ontradingszone.................................................................................................36
Andere begrippen .............................................................................................36
Looppad .......................................................................................................36
Plaats 1e afspraak ..........................................................................................37
Commandopost .............................................................................................37
Coördinatieprincipes ............................................................................................37
1) Oproep (lokale politie of cic) en dispatching ...................................................37
2) 1e interventie (eerstelijnspolitie lokale) ..........................................................37
3) Beheer PD (door 1e lijnspolitie, gespecialiseerde afstappingsteams, LTWP) ..........38
4) Dadergericht tactisch onderzoek (niet verder behandeld) .................................38
Kernfuncties .....................................................................................................38
CO ...............................................................................................................38
PD-manager ..................................................................................................38
Labo-coördinator ...........................................................................................39
Beheerder Inbeslagnames (IBN) .......................................................................39
Beheer tactisch onderzoek ..............................................................................39
Beheer tactisch onderzoek ..............................................................................40
Project FGP Limburg/OVL: optimalisatie ...............................................................40
Missie 1: verbeteren van de afstapping ter plaatse ..............................................40
Missie 2: verbeteren van de kwaliteit van moordonderzoeken ..............................40
Technisch onderzoek op de PD ...............................................................................41
Samenwerking op de PD.....................................................................................41
Orientatietesten (LTWP) .....................................................................................41
Taak LTWP + … ..................................................................................................41
Tijdens werkzaamheden & na de afstapping : ........................................................42
3
, Briefing ........................................................................................................42
Vier fasen.........................................................................................................42
Fase 1: Rondgang met inspectie .......................................................................42
Fase 2: Opname meest kwetsbare sporen ..........................................................42
Fase 3: Opname sporen op het lichaam .............................................................43
Fase 4: Opname minder kwetsbare sporen ........................................................43
IDENTIFICATIE DOOR MIDDEL VAN BIOMETRIE ............................................................44
Introduction ........................................................................................................44
Definition biometrics biometrie ...........................................................................44
Main biometric identifiers ..................................................................................44
Soft biometric identifiers ....................................................................................44
Applications of biometrics .....................................................................................44
Civil applications ...............................................................................................44
Commercial Applications ....................................................................................45
Forensic applications .........................................................................................45
History of biometrics ............................................................................................45
Types of identity ..................................................................................................45
Personal recognition: two modii operandi .............................................................45
Positive vs negative identification ........................................................................46
Example: ......................................................................................................46
Traditional identification: approaches ...................................................................46
Disadvanatages .............................................................................................46
Biometric identification ......................................................................................47
Biometric system architecture ...............................................................................47
Data Acquisition Module ....................................................................................47
Feature Extraction Module .................................................................................47
Matching Module ..............................................................................................48
Decision Module ...............................................................................................48
Storage Module ................................................................................................48
Operational modes...............................................................................................48
Enrolment ........................................................................................................48
4
, Verification/authentication (1-to-1) ......................................................................49
Identification/Recognition (1-to-N) ......................................................................49
Requirements and performance .............................................................................49
Requirements ...................................................................................................49
Biometric Identifiers .......................................................................................49
Biometric system ...........................................................................................49
Performance.....................................................................................................50
Accuracy: ideal situation .................................................................................50
Accuracy: real situation...................................................................................51
Measure of performance ................................................................................51
• Imposter and Genuine Score Distributions ..................................................51
• FAR and FRR from score distributions .........................................................51
• DET and ROC curves ................................................................................52
• Verification performance numbers ............................................................52
• Identification system error rates ................................................................53
• Cumulative Match Characteristic (CMC) curve .............................................53
• Caveat: FMR (verification) versus FPIR (identification) ...................................53
• User-dependent FA and FR behaviour ........................................................54
• Other quantitative measures: ...................................................................55
Costs............................................................................................................55
Human factors ..................................................................................................55
Examples of biometric Identifiers ...........................................................................56
Fingerprint .......................................................................................................56
Face ................................................................................................................56
Ear ..................................................................................................................57
Retina..............................................................................................................57
Iris ..................................................................................................................58
Hand ...............................................................................................................58
Signature .........................................................................................................58
Speaker ...........................................................................................................59
Other Biometric Techniques ................................................................................59
5
, Eyeprint........................................................................................................59
Multi-modal biometrics ..................................................................................59
BLOEDSPORENONDERZOEK – BPA ..............................................................................60
Inleiding..............................................................................................................60
Bloedsporen .....................................................................................................60
Definities .........................................................................................................60
Classificatie .........................................................................................................61
Passief .............................................................................................................61
Transfer & flow ..............................................................................................61
Druppels ......................................................................................................61
Circulaire volumes .........................................................................................61
Spatten ............................................................................................................62
Vorm van de spatten ......................................................................................62
Impact mechanismen .....................................................................................62
Secunddaire mechanimsen..............................................................................62
Projecties .....................................................................................................63
Gewijzigd .........................................................................................................63
Documentatie bloedsporen ................................................................................64
Oorsprongsbepaling .............................................................................................64
GLASSPOREN ..........................................................................................................65
Inleiding glas .......................................................................................................65
Glas als forensisch bewijs ...................................................................................65
Samenstelling van glas .......................................................................................65
Type glas ..........................................................................................................65
Fabricageproces ................................................................................................66
Onderzoek van glas ..............................................................................................66
1. Breuklijnanalyse .........................................................................................66
glasbreukanalyse ...........................................................................................67
2. Verzamelen van glasfragmenten ...................................................................67
Op plaats delict .............................................................................................67
In het labo ....................................................................................................67
6
, Vergelijkend onderzoek: overzicht ....................................................................68
Identificatie van glas .......................................................................................68
3. Classificatie van glas....................................................................................68
4. Densiteit van glas .......................................................................................69
5. Bepaling van brekingsindex (refractive index - RI) ............................................69
Wet van Snell ................................................................................................69
Immersiemethode .........................................................................................69
Glass Refractive Index Measurement (GRIM) ......................................................70
Ideaal forensisch tool? ....................................................................................70
6. Elementanalyse ..........................................................................................70
LA-ICP-MS = Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry ...........71
7. Data interpretatie .......................................................................................71
Matching criteria ...........................................................................................71
NFI glasdatabank ...........................................................................................71
8. Transfer van glasfragmenten ........................................................................72
Transfer: glasfragmenten op kledij ....................................................................72
Transfer: glasfragmenten op de grond ...............................................................72
Conclusies ........................................................................................................72
FORENSISCH VERFONDERZOEK ..................................................................................73
Verfproductie/samenstelling van verf .....................................................................73
1) Bindmiddel ................................................................................................73
2) Pigmenten.................................................................................................73
3) Vulstoffen..................................................................................................74
4) Oplosmiddel ..............................................................................................74
5) Hulpstoffen/additieven................................................................................74
Autoverfsporen .................................................................................................74
OEM repair.......................................................................................................75
Ontstaan van verfsporen .......................................................................................75
Forensisch relevante fysische en chemische karakteristieken ...................................75
Onderzoek van verfsporen ....................................................................................75
Soorten analyses ...............................................................................................75
7
, Stap 0: verfmonsters verzamelen .........................................................................75
Stap 1: fysieke karakterisering .............................................................................75
Stap 2: .............................................................................................................76
Lagenopbouw ...............................................................................................76
Kleurvergelijking ............................................................................................76
Stap 3: microscopie ...........................................................................................76
Stap 4: IR spectroscopie .....................................................................................76
Stap 5: chemische karakterisatie ..........................................................................76
Uitdagingen ..................................................................................................76
Transfer van haren ...............................................................................................77
Haren kunnen actief of passief getransfereerd worden ............................................77
Transfer afhankelijk van ......................................................................................77
Morfologisch haaranalyse .....................................................................................77
Proces van haaronderzoek ....................................................................................77
1. Staalname .................................................................................................77
2. Macroscopisch onderzoek ...........................................................................78
Doel: ............................................................................................................78
Groeifasen ....................................................................................................78
Menselijk vs. dierlijk .......................................................................................78
3. Microscopisch onderzoek ............................................................................78
Voor uitwendige kenmerken ............................................................................78
Voor inwendige kenmerken .............................................................................78
Haarpathologiën ............................................................................................78
Biogeografische achtergrond ...........................................................................78
Lichaamsoorsprong van haren .........................................................................79
Variatie binnen het haar zelf ............................................................................79
Besluiten uit een vergelijkend onderzoek ...........................................................79
4. DAPI-kleuring.............................................................................................79
5. DNA-onderzoek..........................................................................................79
Inleiding..............................................................................................................80
Structuur van textielmaterialen...............................................................................80
8
, Vezeltypes ...........................................................................................................80
Monsterafname ...................................................................................................80
Soorten ...........................................................................................................80
Voor- en nadelen 1:1 taping ................................................................................81
Type onderzoeken ................................................................................................81
Vergelijkend onderzoek ......................................................................................81
Vergelijkend textielonderzoek ..........................................................................82
Vergelijkend vezelonderzoek - analyse...............................................................82
Vergelijkend vezelonderzoek – evaluatie............................................................82
Limieten van vergeljkend vezelonderzoek ..........................................................84
Microscopische analyse ..................................................................................84
Investigatief (herkomst)onderzoek .......................................................................85
Infotapings....................................................................................................85
Mogelijke redenen voor afwezigheid doelvezels .................................................86
Textielbeschadigingen ....................................................................................86
VINGERSPOREN .......................................................................................................87
Toepassing dactyloscopie .......................................................................................87
Anatomie van vingersafdrukken ..............................................................................87
Oppervlaktekarakteristieken ...................................................................................87
Classificatie: 4 basispatronen ..................................................................................88
Onveranderlijkheid ...............................................................................................88
Behandeling substraten ........................................................................................88
Poreuze materialen ...........................................................................................88
Ninhydrine ....................................................................................................88
Fysieke ontwikkelaar (FO)................................................................................89
Oil Red O ......................................................................................................89
Nile Red .......................................................................................................89
Niet-poreuze materialen.....................................................................................89
Vingerafdrukpoeders ......................................................................................89
Cyanoacrylaat ...............................................................................................89
Vacuüm metaal depositie ................................................................................90
9
, Vingersporenonderzoek ........................................................................................90
Op tape ...........................................................................................................90
Op hulzen ........................................................................................................90
In bloed ...........................................................................................................90
Op overledenen ................................................................................................91
Nieuwe technieken ............................................................................................91
Beeldverbeteringstechnieken ................................................................................91
Beperkende factoren .........................................................................................91
Analyse methoden ...............................................................................................92
Software APFIS..................................................................................................92
ACE-V ..............................................................................................................92
Analyse: .......................................................................................................92
Comparison ..................................................................................................93
Evaluation.....................................................................................................93
Verification ...................................................................................................93
Rapporteren van de sterke van een match ............................................................93
Afname vingerafdrukken in België ...........................................................................94
Betrouwbaarheid van de beslissingen ......................................................................94
OORSPOREN ...........................................................................................................95
Rol binnen forensisch sporenonderzoek ...................................................................95
Methode van Victor Iannarelli ................................................................................95
Classificatie van referentieafdrukken ......................................................................95
Primaire classificatie ..........................................................................................95
Secundaire classificatie ......................................................................................95
Metrische afmetingen volgens 12-punten systeem:.............................................96
Methode van Cor van der Lugt ................................................................................96
Methode dienst Expertise ......................................................................................96
Vergelijking ..........................................................................................................97
Voordelen van oorsporen .......................................................................................97
Limieten van oorsporen .........................................................................................97
Bronnen van variatie .............................................................................................97
10
