NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Week 7 Quiz- Version 2 (Graded A+) UPDATE

NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology Week 7 Quiz- Version 2 Question 1 0 / 2 pts What pathologic alteration produces tremors at rest, rigidity, akinesia, and postural abnormalities? Correct Answer Atrophy of neurons in the substantia nigra that produce dopamine You Answered Atrophy of neurons in the hypothalamus that produce acetylcholine Atrophy of neurons in the putamen that produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Atrophy of neurons in the caudate that produce serotonin The hallmark characteristics of Parkinson disease are a result of a loss of dopaminergic pigmented neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta with dopaminergic deficiency in the putamen portion of the striatum (the striatum includes the putamen and caudate nucleus). Question 2 2 / 2 pts With receptive dysphasia (fluent), the individual is able to respond in writing, but not in speech. Correct! comprehend speech, but not respond verbally. respond verbally, but not comprehend speech. speak back, but not comprehend speech. Receptive dysphasia may result in expressive deficits. Question 3 2 / 2 pts Which disease process is infratentorial? Correct! Cerebellar neoplasm Parkinson disease Encephalitis Cerebral neoplasm Examples of infratentorial disease process include compression of the brainstem resulting from hematomas, hemorrhage, and aneurysm as well as cerebellar hemorrhage, infarcts, abscesses, neoplasms, and demyelinating disorders. Question 4 2 / 2 pts Which is a characteristic of brainstem death? Correct! Apnea Vegetative state Locked-in syndrome Comatose Apnea is viewed as a criterion of brainstem death, whereas the remaining options reflect cerebral death. Question 5 2 / 2 pts Since his cerebrovascular accident, a man has been denying his left hemiplegia. What term is used to describe this finding? Correct! Anosognosia Agraphia agnosia Amusia agnosia Visual agnosia Anosognosia is ignorance or denial of existence of the disease. Question 6 2 / 2 pts Vomiting is associated with CNS injuries that compress which anatomic location(s)? Vestibular nuclei in the midbrain Correct! Vestibular nuclei in the lower pons and medulla oblongata Diencephalon Floor of the third ventricle Vomiting is associated particularly with CNS injuries that (1) involve the vestibular nuclei (located in the lower pons and medulla oblongata) or their immediate projections, particularly when double vision (diplopia) also is present. Question 7 0 / 2 pts Cognitive operations cannot occur without the _____ functioning. medulla oblongata Correct Answer reticular activating system You Answered cingulate gyrus pons Awareness encompasses all cognitive functions that embody awareness of self, environment, and affective states (i.e., moods). Consciousness often is viewed as having two distinct components: arousal and awareness. Arousal, an attentional system, is the state of awakeness that an individual exhibits. Level of arousal is mediated by the reticular activating system. Question 8 2 / 2 pts What are the areas of the brain that mediate several cognitive functions, including vigilance, reasoning, and executive functions? Limbic Occipital Correct! Prefrontal Parietal It is the prefrontal lobe that mediates several cognitive functions, including vigilance, reasoning, and executive functions. Question 9 2 / 2 pts What are the initial clinical manifestations noted immediately after a spinal cord injury? Headache, bradycardia, and elevated blood pressure Confusion, irritability, and retrograde amnesia Hypertension, neurogenic shock, and tachycardia Correct! Loss of deep tendon reflexes and flaccid paralysis This condition is characterized by a complete loss of reflex function in all segments below the level of the lesion. Severe impairment below the level of the lesion is obvious; it includes paralysis and flaccidity in muscles, absence of sensation, loss of bladder and rectal control, transient drop in blood pressure, and poor venous circulation. Question 10 2 / 2 pts Meningiomas characteristically compress from within neural tissues. Correct! from outside the spinal cord. from the subarachnoid space. spinal nerve roots. Extramedullary spinal cord tumors produce dysfunction by compression of adjacent tissue, not by direct invasion. Question 11 2 / 2 pts Atheromatous plaques are most commonly found Correct! at branches of arteries. on the venous sinuses. in the larger veins. near capillary sphincters. Over 20 to 30 years atheromatous plaques (stenotic lesions) tend to form at branchings and curves in the cerebral circulation. Question 12 2 / 2 pts Microinfarcts resulting in pure motor or pure sensory deficits are the result of which type of stroke? Thrombotic Hemorrhagic Embolic Correct! Lacunar A lacunar stroke (lacunar infarct) is a microinfarct smaller than 1 cm in diameter. Because of the subcortical location and small area of infarction, these strokes may have pure motor and sensory deficits. Question 13 0 / 2 pts Persistent symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder include You Answered depression. Correct Answer difficulty sleeping. poor nutrition. hypertension. In PTSD, the individual reexperiences the traumatic event as intrusive collections or flashbacks during the day and during persistent nightmares. Nightmares replicate the traumatic experiences and often prevent further sleep. Question 14 0 / 2 pts Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat depression You Answered that is unipolar. as a first-line treatment before medications. to enhance the effect of antidepressants. Correct Answer in pregnant women. ECT is used when individuals fail to respond to antidepressants or when they are severely depressed, pregnant, suicidal, or psychotic. Question 15 2 / 2 pts Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system abnormalities exist in a large percentage of individuals with schizophrenia. mania. panic disorder. Correct! major depression. Excessive activation of the HPA system resulting in elevated glucocorticoid secretion is found in a large percentage (30% to 70%) of people with major depression suggesting that mechanisms responsible for HPA hormone alterations contribute to the pathophysiology of depression. Question 16 0 / 2 pts Lead absorption in children causes anemia by impairing the Correct Answer absorption of iron. You Answered lysing of erythrocytes. absorption of folic acid. absorption of vitamin B12. Lead absorption impairs uptake and utilization of iron. Question 17 2 / 2 pts Which defects of neural tube closure are most common? Anterior Lateral Correct! Posterior Midline Posterior defects are most common. Question 18 2 / 2 pts The form of cerebral palsy that results in gait disturbances and instability is spastic. dyskinetic. Correct! ataxic. biochemical. Ataxic cerebral palsy is associated damage to the cerebellum and manifests with gait disturbances and instability. Question 19 2 / 2 pts Which inflammatory cytokines are released in chronic gastritis? INF-α, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, and serotonin Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), IL-1, IL-5, IL-7, and prostaglandins Correct! TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and leukotrienes Gastric-stimulating factor (GSF), IL-4, IL-9, IL-11, and bradykinin Release of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and leukotrienes) damages the gastric epithelium. Question 20 2 / 2 pts The desire to eat is stimulated by Correct! agouti-related protein (AgRP). peptide YY (PYY). cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). alpha-melanocyte–stimulating hormone (α-MSH). One set of neurons produce neuropeptide Y (NPY) and AgRP, which stimulates eating and decreases metabolism (anabolic). Question 21 2 / 2 pts Hepatic fat accumulation is seen in which form of cirrhosis? Metabolic Postnecrotic Biliary Correct! Alcoholic Alcoholic cirrhosis is a complex process that begins with fatty infiltration (hepatic steatosis). Fatty infiltration can occur without subsequent hepatitis or cirrhosis. Fat deposition (deposition of triglycerides) within the liver hepatocytes is caused primarily by increased lipogenesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation by hepatocytes. Question 22 2 / 2 pts An infant suddenly develops abdominal pain, becomes irritable (colicky), and draws up the knees. Vomiting occurs soon afterward. The mother reports that after the infant passed a normal stool, the stools look like currant jelly. Based on these data, which disorder does the nurse suspect? Congenital aganglionic megacolon Correct! Intussusception Volvulus Malrotation The affected infant suddenly develops abdominal pain, becomes irritable (colicky), and draws up the knees. Vomiting occurs soon afterward. A single normal stool may be passed, evacuating the colon distal to the apex of the intussusception. After that, 60% of infants pass “currant jelly” stools, which appear dark and gelatinous because of their blood and mucus content. Question 23 2 / 2 pts Hepatitis _____ in children is primarily associated with blood transfusions. D Correct! C B A Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in children is most commonly transmitted vertically and is enhanced with maternal coinfection with HCV. It also is transmitted with blood transfusions. Question 24 2 / 2 pts Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung disease) involves inadequate motility of the colon caused by neural malformation of the _____ nervous system. somatic Correct! parasympathetic central sympathetic Congenital aganglionic megacolon is caused by a malformation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Question 25 0 / 2 pts Meconium _____ is an intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine. You Answered obstruction vivax cecum Correct Answer ileus Meconium ileus is intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine, resisting passage beyond the terminal ileum. The cause is usually a lack of digestive enzymes during fetal life.