Mellitus Type 1
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Polyuria(excessive urination)
Polydipsia(excessive thirst)
Polyphagia(excessive hunger)
Weight loss
Nausea/vomiting
Fatigue or weakness
Irritability or mood changes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Blurry vision
PATIENT EDUCATION
Pancreas is not producing insulin
Insulin compliance(life-long treatment)
Autoimmune process: destroys
How to use a glucose meter
insulin-producing cells in the
How to inject insulin and where to
pancreas
RISK FACTORS inject(subcutaneous shots in abdomen or back of
arm)
Types of insulin, peaks, and duration
Genetic(5-10% of diabetic Keep a sugary beverage or snack nearby in case
population) blood sugar runs low
Age(most are diagnosed are How insulin pump works
under 30 years old, frequently Healthy diet
children) Physical activity and excercise
Signs/symptoms of hypo/hyperglycemia
Family history
* E*M
HYPOGLYC CI R
AITICA
DLI A*B*E T E I C
DIAGNOSTICS
Urine test: presence of ketones KETOACIDOSIS
Low BS: <50-60 mg/dL
HbA1c test: >6.5%
Causes: too much High BS: >600 mg/dL
Random blood sugar test: >200 Causes: lack of effective
insulin, too little food, or
mg/dL insulin
excessive exercise
Fasting blood sugar test: >126 Manifestations:
Manifestations:
mg/dL sweating, tremors, hypotension, dehydration,
TREATMENT tachycardia, hunger, tachycardia, ketones in
confusion, HA, seizures, urine/blood, fruity breath,
LOC, disoriented, death Kussmaul respirations
Insulin
Treatment: must be Treatment: rehydrate w/
immediate(if pt is isotonic IV fluid, IV
conscious-> source of continuous infusion of
sugar, unconscious-> regular insulin, reverse
subQ or IM 1 mg acidosis and restore
glucagon; 25-50 mL 50% electrolyte imbalance(don't
dextrose solution IV) treat initial hyperkalemia->
may lead to hypokalemia)
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Polyuria(excessive urination)
Polydipsia(excessive thirst)
Polyphagia(excessive hunger)
Weight loss
Nausea/vomiting
Fatigue or weakness
Irritability or mood changes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Blurry vision
PATIENT EDUCATION
Pancreas is not producing insulin
Insulin compliance(life-long treatment)
Autoimmune process: destroys
How to use a glucose meter
insulin-producing cells in the
How to inject insulin and where to
pancreas
RISK FACTORS inject(subcutaneous shots in abdomen or back of
arm)
Types of insulin, peaks, and duration
Genetic(5-10% of diabetic Keep a sugary beverage or snack nearby in case
population) blood sugar runs low
Age(most are diagnosed are How insulin pump works
under 30 years old, frequently Healthy diet
children) Physical activity and excercise
Signs/symptoms of hypo/hyperglycemia
Family history
* E*M
HYPOGLYC CI R
AITICA
DLI A*B*E T E I C
DIAGNOSTICS
Urine test: presence of ketones KETOACIDOSIS
Low BS: <50-60 mg/dL
HbA1c test: >6.5%
Causes: too much High BS: >600 mg/dL
Random blood sugar test: >200 Causes: lack of effective
insulin, too little food, or
mg/dL insulin
excessive exercise
Fasting blood sugar test: >126 Manifestations:
Manifestations:
mg/dL sweating, tremors, hypotension, dehydration,
TREATMENT tachycardia, hunger, tachycardia, ketones in
confusion, HA, seizures, urine/blood, fruity breath,
LOC, disoriented, death Kussmaul respirations
Insulin
Treatment: must be Treatment: rehydrate w/
immediate(if pt is isotonic IV fluid, IV
conscious-> source of continuous infusion of
sugar, unconscious-> regular insulin, reverse
subQ or IM 1 mg acidosis and restore
glucagon; 25-50 mL 50% electrolyte imbalance(don't
dextrose solution IV) treat initial hyperkalemia->
may lead to hypokalemia)
