NUR 2063 - Exam 2 Questions with Correct Answers |New Update 100% Verified By Experts
What causes rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? Develops because of a reflexive abdominal
muscle spasm that occurs. Inflamed tissue creates abdominal tenderness and pain that worsen
with movement
What disorder results in Mechanical Bowel Obstruction? Intestinal Obstruction
The cause of Hiatal Hernia Occurs when a section of the stomach protrudes upward through
an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm toward the thoracic cavity. The hiatus develops from
weakening of the diaphragm muscle, frequently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure
(e.g., coughing, vomiting, or straining to defecate) or increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g.,
pregnancy and obesity). Other causes of a hiatus include trauma and congenital defects.
Cause of diarrhea with antibiotic ingestion Antibiotics destroy some of these bacteria, which
allow other types to grow too much. In some cases, antibiotics can allow a type of bacteria
called Clostridioides difficile to grow too much. This can lead to severe, watery, and often
bloody diarrhea called pseudomembranous colitis
Causative of Peptic Ulcer Disease Develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces (e.g., excess acid production) and protective mechanisms (e.g., decreased mucus
production) induced by a secondary process rather than an innate defect. The most common
causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,
others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Cause of Chronic Pancreatitis Alcoholism
Define Intussusception Telescoping of a portion of the intestine into another portion
Cause of Heartburn Occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the acidic
contents of the stomach to reflux into the esophagus. The most common cause is food that's
acidic or high in fat—like citrus fruits, tomatoes, onions, chocolate, coffee, cheese, and
, peppermint. Spicy foods or large meals can also be the root of distress. Other sources of
heartburn include aspirin or ibuprofen, as well as some sedatives and blood pressure
medications.
Fecal Impaction/Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Colon narrowed by scar tissue, Diverticulum
filled with feces, Inflammation, Telescoping of ileum inside adjacent section of colon, Blood
vessels drawn in between layers and compressed, and Ileum appendix
Cause of Acute Pancreatitis Cholelithiasis
Hepatitis A-E See notes
Cleft Lip and Palate Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that occur when soft tissues of the
lip or mouth do not form properly. Cleft lip and palate may occur either together or separately.
These conditions usually develop in the second month of pregnancy, when the fetus's facial
structures are forming. Every year in the United States, approximately 2,650 babies are born
with cleft palate and approximately 4,440 babies are born with a cleft lip with or without a cleft
palate. Maternal smoking, preexisting diabetes, and seizure medication use (especially in the
first trimester) are significant risk factors. Additionally, these defects are more prevalent in
Native Americans and Asian Americans, with African Americans having the lowest prevalence.
The deformities with cleft lip and palate may be unilateral or bilateral. The severity of the
deformity ranges from a mild notch to involvement of the lip, palate, and tongue (FIGURE 1-33).
Feeding and nutritional issues may occur because of these structural problems, which affect the
ability to nurse and eat.
Clinical Manifestations of Appendicitis The first symptom is often pain near the umbilicus. As
swelling increases, the pain tends to move to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
(McBurney point). The pain gradually intensifies over approximately 12-24 hours. It is often
aggravated by movement, so patients tend to guard their abdomen. Due to normal anatomic
variations, this pain may occur anywhere in the abdomen. The pain will temporarily subside if
the appendix ruptures but then will return and escalate as peritonitis develops. Anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and bowel pattern changes can also be associated with
appendicitis. Other manifestations reflect the inflammation and infectious process (e.g., fever,
What causes rigid abdomen in Peritonitis? Develops because of a reflexive abdominal
muscle spasm that occurs. Inflamed tissue creates abdominal tenderness and pain that worsen
with movement
What disorder results in Mechanical Bowel Obstruction? Intestinal Obstruction
The cause of Hiatal Hernia Occurs when a section of the stomach protrudes upward through
an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm toward the thoracic cavity. The hiatus develops from
weakening of the diaphragm muscle, frequently resulting from increased intrathoracic pressure
(e.g., coughing, vomiting, or straining to defecate) or increased intra-abdominal pressure (e.g.,
pregnancy and obesity). Other causes of a hiatus include trauma and congenital defects.
Cause of diarrhea with antibiotic ingestion Antibiotics destroy some of these bacteria, which
allow other types to grow too much. In some cases, antibiotics can allow a type of bacteria
called Clostridioides difficile to grow too much. This can lead to severe, watery, and often
bloody diarrhea called pseudomembranous colitis
Causative of Peptic Ulcer Disease Develops because of an imbalance between destructive
forces (e.g., excess acid production) and protective mechanisms (e.g., decreased mucus
production) induced by a secondary process rather than an innate defect. The most common
causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-
term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,
others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve)
Cause of Chronic Pancreatitis Alcoholism
Define Intussusception Telescoping of a portion of the intestine into another portion
Cause of Heartburn Occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the acidic
contents of the stomach to reflux into the esophagus. The most common cause is food that's
acidic or high in fat—like citrus fruits, tomatoes, onions, chocolate, coffee, cheese, and
, peppermint. Spicy foods or large meals can also be the root of distress. Other sources of
heartburn include aspirin or ibuprofen, as well as some sedatives and blood pressure
medications.
Fecal Impaction/Mechanical Bowel Obstruction Colon narrowed by scar tissue, Diverticulum
filled with feces, Inflammation, Telescoping of ileum inside adjacent section of colon, Blood
vessels drawn in between layers and compressed, and Ileum appendix
Cause of Acute Pancreatitis Cholelithiasis
Hepatitis A-E See notes
Cleft Lip and Palate Cleft lip and palate are birth defects that occur when soft tissues of the
lip or mouth do not form properly. Cleft lip and palate may occur either together or separately.
These conditions usually develop in the second month of pregnancy, when the fetus's facial
structures are forming. Every year in the United States, approximately 2,650 babies are born
with cleft palate and approximately 4,440 babies are born with a cleft lip with or without a cleft
palate. Maternal smoking, preexisting diabetes, and seizure medication use (especially in the
first trimester) are significant risk factors. Additionally, these defects are more prevalent in
Native Americans and Asian Americans, with African Americans having the lowest prevalence.
The deformities with cleft lip and palate may be unilateral or bilateral. The severity of the
deformity ranges from a mild notch to involvement of the lip, palate, and tongue (FIGURE 1-33).
Feeding and nutritional issues may occur because of these structural problems, which affect the
ability to nurse and eat.
Clinical Manifestations of Appendicitis The first symptom is often pain near the umbilicus. As
swelling increases, the pain tends to move to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen
(McBurney point). The pain gradually intensifies over approximately 12-24 hours. It is often
aggravated by movement, so patients tend to guard their abdomen. Due to normal anatomic
variations, this pain may occur anywhere in the abdomen. The pain will temporarily subside if
the appendix ruptures but then will return and escalate as peritonitis develops. Anorexia,
nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, and bowel pattern changes can also be associated with
appendicitis. Other manifestations reflect the inflammation and infectious process (e.g., fever,
