FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A student observes that exposure to a mild acid caused
disruption of the phospholipid bilayer of epithelial cells in a
small segment of the digestive tract. Over the next 24 hours,
the area exhibits loss of tissue integrity and altered motility of
that gut segment. Which level(s) of organization are directly
implicated by the initial membrane damage, and which
,downstream level best explains the observed change in
motility?
Options
A. Cellular level initially; Organ level explains motility change.
B. Chemical level initially; Tissue level explains motility change.
C. Cellular level initially; Tissue level explains motility change.
D. Tissue level initially; Organism level explains motility change.
Correct answer
C
Rationales
Correct (C): The primary event—membrane disruption—occurs
at the cellular level (damage to cell membranes). Loss of many
epithelial cells alters the arrangement and function of the tissue
(tissue level), which explains the localized change in motility
because coordinated tissue function underlies organ
movements.
A (incorrect): While organ-level function is ultimately affected,
the immediate downstream explanation for localized motility
change is tissue disruption rather than the entire organ system.
B (incorrect): Membrane disruption is a cellular event (not
solely chemical); tissue dysfunction, not just the chemical level,
explains motility.
D (incorrect): The initiating event is cellular, not tissue;
organism level is too broad to explain a localized motility
change.
,Teaching point
Cell damage → tissue dysfunction → altered organ function;
follow the hierarchical cascade.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2.
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
During a lab activity, you slice a preserved specimen to view
layers under the microscope. You identify four distinct cell types
forming a continuous sheet that performs protection and
secretion. Which level of organization best describes this
structure, and why is recognizing that level important when
predicting function?
Options
A. Organ level; because the sheet forms an organ with multiple
functions.
B. Tissue level; because coordinated cell types produce
emergent tissue functions.
C. Cellular level; because each cell individually performs all
necessary functions.
, D. Organ system level; because sheets of cells always indicate
system-level regulation.
Correct answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): A continuous sheet of multiple cell types
performing a common function is a tissue; recognizing the
tissue level highlights emergent properties—functions result
from cell interactions and organization.
A (incorrect): A single sheet is not an organ by itself; organs are
composed of multiple tissue types arranged for specific
functions.
C (incorrect): While individual cells contribute, the sheet’s
properties arise from collective cellular organization—this is
tissue-level, not purely cellular.
D (incorrect): An organ system consists of multiple organs; a
tissue sheet alone does not indicate system-level regulation.
Teaching point
Tissue = organized cells producing functions not predictable
from single cells alone.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
3.
PHYSIOLOGY
12TH EDITION
• AUTHOR(S)FREDERIC H. MARTINI;
JUDI L. NATH; EDWIN F.
BARTHOLOMEW
TEST BANK
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
A student observes that exposure to a mild acid caused
disruption of the phospholipid bilayer of epithelial cells in a
small segment of the digestive tract. Over the next 24 hours,
the area exhibits loss of tissue integrity and altered motility of
that gut segment. Which level(s) of organization are directly
implicated by the initial membrane damage, and which
,downstream level best explains the observed change in
motility?
Options
A. Cellular level initially; Organ level explains motility change.
B. Chemical level initially; Tissue level explains motility change.
C. Cellular level initially; Tissue level explains motility change.
D. Tissue level initially; Organism level explains motility change.
Correct answer
C
Rationales
Correct (C): The primary event—membrane disruption—occurs
at the cellular level (damage to cell membranes). Loss of many
epithelial cells alters the arrangement and function of the tissue
(tissue level), which explains the localized change in motility
because coordinated tissue function underlies organ
movements.
A (incorrect): While organ-level function is ultimately affected,
the immediate downstream explanation for localized motility
change is tissue disruption rather than the entire organ system.
B (incorrect): Membrane disruption is a cellular event (not
solely chemical); tissue dysfunction, not just the chemical level,
explains motility.
D (incorrect): The initiating event is cellular, not tissue;
organism level is too broad to explain a localized motility
change.
,Teaching point
Cell damage → tissue dysfunction → altered organ function;
follow the hierarchical cascade.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
2.
Reference
Ch. 1 — An Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology — Levels of
Organization
Stem
During a lab activity, you slice a preserved specimen to view
layers under the microscope. You identify four distinct cell types
forming a continuous sheet that performs protection and
secretion. Which level of organization best describes this
structure, and why is recognizing that level important when
predicting function?
Options
A. Organ level; because the sheet forms an organ with multiple
functions.
B. Tissue level; because coordinated cell types produce
emergent tissue functions.
C. Cellular level; because each cell individually performs all
necessary functions.
, D. Organ system level; because sheets of cells always indicate
system-level regulation.
Correct answer
B
Rationales
Correct (B): A continuous sheet of multiple cell types
performing a common function is a tissue; recognizing the
tissue level highlights emergent properties—functions result
from cell interactions and organization.
A (incorrect): A single sheet is not an organ by itself; organs are
composed of multiple tissue types arranged for specific
functions.
C (incorrect): While individual cells contribute, the sheet’s
properties arise from collective cellular organization—this is
tissue-level, not purely cellular.
D (incorrect): An organ system consists of multiple organs; a
tissue sheet alone does not indicate system-level regulation.
Teaching point
Tissue = organized cells producing functions not predictable
from single cells alone.
Citation
Martini, F. H., Nath, J. L., & Bartholomew, E. F. (2024).
Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed.). Ch. 1.
3.
