NUR612 Pathophysiology Final
MCCANCE & HUETHER (8th ed., 2026
Update)| Correct Solutions| Verified
It is true that a eukaryotic cell
A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
B. contains structures called organelles.
C. lacks a well-defined nucleus.
D. does not contain histones. - Ans--B. Contains structures called
organelles.
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a well-defined
nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells.
Ch01.1
The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular
A. division.
B. movement.
C. activities.
D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. - Ans--D. deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) folding.
The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of DNA into
chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities.
Ch01.2
An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is
referred to as a/an
A. Golgi complex.
B. mitochondrion.
C. endoplasmic reticulum.
,D. nucleolus. - Ans--B. mitochondrion
Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and
energy production. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are
synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the
ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins.
Ch01.3
Which statement best describes a desmosome?
A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion.
B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands.
C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel.
D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens. - Ans--B. Desmosomes
hold cells together by continuous bands.
The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The other two types include tight
junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a
continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-like) points of contact.
They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as
barriers to diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through
transport proteins. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels.
Ch01.4
Which statement describes the function of a second messenger?
A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand
B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events
C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane
D. Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal - Ans--B. Triggers a cascade
of intracellular events
The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers the activation of
intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal
transduction pathways in the cell that can initiate different intracellular
events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++) are
the two major second-messenger pathways. First messengers are the
,extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Binding of first
messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane
channels or the activation of second messengers.
Ch01.5
Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy?
A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules.
B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. - Ans--C.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. This is the
mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down
glucose molecules; it produces a net of two ATP molecules. Oxidation is a
process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred.
Oxidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions.
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic means in
the presence of oxygen.
Ch01.6
Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration is called
A. diffusion.
B. filtration.
C. osmosis.
D. hydrostatic pressure. - Ans--A. diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a
concentration gradient from an area of higher water concentration to an
area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and
solute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one
, side of the membrane than the other. Hydrostatic pressure is the
mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane.
Ch01.7
Which is an example of an energy-releasing process?
A. Anabolism
B. Catabolism
C. Substrate-induced reaction
D. Second messenger system - Ans--B. Catabolism
Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-using process is
anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product
in the reaction. A second messenger is a "pass-it-on signal." This occurs
when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-on
signal.
Ch01.8
Which describes an amphipathic molecule?
A. It is permeable to water only.
B. It is a nonpolar molecule.
C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
D. It is a one-layered structure. - Ans--C. It is both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic.
The amphipathic molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. A
hydrophilic molecule is a charged, water-loving molecule. A hydrophobic
molecule is an uncharged or water-hating molecule. A polar molecule is
another name for an amphipathic molecule.
Ch01.9
Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Transfer the signal
B. Converge the signal
C. Amplify the signal
MCCANCE & HUETHER (8th ed., 2026
Update)| Correct Solutions| Verified
It is true that a eukaryotic cell
A. is smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
B. contains structures called organelles.
C. lacks a well-defined nucleus.
D. does not contain histones. - Ans--B. Contains structures called
organelles.
Eukaryotic cells contain organelles and histones, they have a well-defined
nucleus, and are larger than prokaryotic cells.
Ch01.1
The function of a histone found in a eukaryote cell focuses on cellular
A. division.
B. movement.
C. activities.
D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) folding. - Ans--D. deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) folding.
The histones are binding proteins that cause the supercoiling of DNA into
chromosomes and do not affect cellular division, movement, or activities.
Ch01.2
An organelle that is responsible for the metabolism of cellular energy is
referred to as a/an
A. Golgi complex.
B. mitochondrion.
C. endoplasmic reticulum.
,D. nucleolus. - Ans--B. mitochondrion
Mitochondria play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration, and
energy production. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, where they are
synthesized. The nucleolus is a small, dense structure that contains the
ribonucleic acid (RNA), DNA, and DNA-binding proteins.
Ch01.3
Which statement best describes a desmosome?
A. A desmosome is a barrier to diffusion.
B. Desmosomes hold cells together by continuous bands.
C. A desmosome is a communicating tunnel.
D. Desmosomes function as a zona occludens. - Ans--B. Desmosomes
hold cells together by continuous bands.
The desmosome is a type of cell junction. The other two types include tight
junctions and gap junctions. Desmosomes hold cells together by forming a
continuous band of epithelial tissue or belt (or button-like) points of contact.
They are also a source of structural stability. Tight junctions serve as
barriers to diffusion and prevent the movement of substances through
transport proteins. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels.
Ch01.4
Which statement describes the function of a second messenger?
A. Binds with membrane-bound receptors via a ligand
B. Triggers a cascade of intracellular events
C. Opens specific channels in the cell membrane
D. Blocks a membrane-bound receptor signal - Ans--B. Triggers a cascade
of intracellular events
The binding of a ligand to a cell surface receptor triggers the activation of
intracellular second messengers. Second messengers activate signal
transduction pathways in the cell that can initiate different intracellular
events. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and calcium (Ca++) are
the two major second-messenger pathways. First messengers are the
,extracellular ligands that bind to cell surface receptors. Binding of first
messengers can result in the opening or closing of specific cell membrane
channels or the activation of second messengers.
Ch01.5
Which statement is correct regarding cellular energy?
A. Glycolysis is the building of sugar molecules.
B. Oxidative cellular metabolism is a single reaction making adenosine
triphosphate
(ATP).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
D. Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the presence of oxygen. - Ans--C.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria.
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. This is the
mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins is transferred to ATP. Glycolysis is a process that breaks down
glucose molecules; it produces a net of two ATP molecules. Oxidation is a
process during which a pair of electrons are removed and transferred.
Oxidative cellular metabolism involves 10 biochemical reactions.
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen. Aerobic means in
the presence of oxygen.
Ch01.6
Movement of a solute molecule from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration is called
A. diffusion.
B. filtration.
C. osmosis.
D. hydrostatic pressure. - Ans--A. diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration. Osmosis is the movement of water down a
concentration gradient from an area of higher water concentration to an
area of lower water concentration. Filtration is the movement of water and
solute through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one
, side of the membrane than the other. Hydrostatic pressure is the
mechanical force of water pushing against a cell membrane.
Ch01.7
Which is an example of an energy-releasing process?
A. Anabolism
B. Catabolism
C. Substrate-induced reaction
D. Second messenger system - Ans--B. Catabolism
Catabolism is an energy-releasing process. The energy-using process is
anabolism. A substrate is a specific substance that is converted to a product
in the reaction. A second messenger is a "pass-it-on signal." This occurs
when a first messenger activates a receptor that then triggers a pass-it-on
signal.
Ch01.8
Which describes an amphipathic molecule?
A. It is permeable to water only.
B. It is a nonpolar molecule.
C. It is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic.
D. It is a one-layered structure. - Ans--C. It is both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic.
The amphipathic molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. A
hydrophilic molecule is a charged, water-loving molecule. A hydrophobic
molecule is an uncharged or water-hating molecule. A polar molecule is
another name for an amphipathic molecule.
Ch01.9
Which are the roles of relay chains in signal transduction? (Select all that
apply.)
A. Transfer the signal
B. Converge the signal
C. Amplify the signal
