NR 511 WEEK 7 QUIZ PRACTICE QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ Nephropathy. Answer: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
50% of people with DM develop DKD.
glomeruli injured by protein denaturation, high renal blood flow d/t
hyperglycemia, RAAS activation-->intraglomerular HTN-->increased
protein excretion-->glomerular damage-->decreased GFR.
◉ Neuropathy. Answer: Most common complication of DM. Nerves
don't need insulin for glucose transport and are vulnerable to
chronic hyperglycemia.
50% of DM type 2 have Periph Neuro.
Nerve degeneration begins at peripheral and moves to spine.
◉ Types of macrovascular disease in DM. Answer: Within 1-2
decades in type 2 uncontrolled children!
1. HTN
2. Accelerated Atherosclerosis (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLs, high LDLs, lipoprotein oxidation,
platelet abnor.)
3. cardiovascular disease
,4. stroke (twice as common, ischemic more common, related to ANS
neuropathy: A-fib and platelet coag.)
5. peripheral vascular disease (particularly type 2, ulcers, ganagrene,
claudication, amputation.)
◉ Causes of infection in DM. Answer: 1. Impaired sense (vision,
touch)
2. Hypoxia
3. Pathogens (proliferate d/t glucose in blood)
4. Blood supply (decreased supple of WBCs)
5. Suppressed Immune System: chronic hyperglycemia impairs
innate and adaptive immune response
6. Delayed wound healing (slow collagen synthesis and
angiogenesis)
◉ Reflux Esophagitis (GERD). Answer: Reflux of acid and pepsin or
bile salts from stomach to esophagus that causes esophagitis.
Prevalence: 18-27% US.
◉ Risk factors of GERD. Answer: Obesity
Hiatal hernia
Drugs that relax lower esophageal sphincter
pregnancy
, vomiting
lifting/bending
◉ GERD causes. Answer: Abnormalities in:
1. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
2. Esophageal motility
3. Gastric motility/ delayed gastric emptying
OR: Increased abdominal pressure: (vomiting, coughing, lifting,
bending, obesity, pregnancy)
OR: Hiatal Hernia (weakens LES)
◉ Causes of delayed gastric emptying. Answer: 1. Gastroparesis
2. Gastric or duodenal ulcers (causing pyloric edema)
3. Strictures that narrow the pylorus
◉ GERD symptoms. Answer: Related to severity of injury, frequency,
and duration of reflux.
1. Heartburn
2. Chronic Cough
3. Asthma attacks
4. Laryngitis
5. Sinusitis
WITH DETAILED SOLUTIONS 2026
◉ Nephropathy. Answer: Diabetic kidney disease (DKD).
50% of people with DM develop DKD.
glomeruli injured by protein denaturation, high renal blood flow d/t
hyperglycemia, RAAS activation-->intraglomerular HTN-->increased
protein excretion-->glomerular damage-->decreased GFR.
◉ Neuropathy. Answer: Most common complication of DM. Nerves
don't need insulin for glucose transport and are vulnerable to
chronic hyperglycemia.
50% of DM type 2 have Periph Neuro.
Nerve degeneration begins at peripheral and moves to spine.
◉ Types of macrovascular disease in DM. Answer: Within 1-2
decades in type 2 uncontrolled children!
1. HTN
2. Accelerated Atherosclerosis (insulin resistance, hyperglycemia,
hypertriglyceridemia, low HDLs, high LDLs, lipoprotein oxidation,
platelet abnor.)
3. cardiovascular disease
,4. stroke (twice as common, ischemic more common, related to ANS
neuropathy: A-fib and platelet coag.)
5. peripheral vascular disease (particularly type 2, ulcers, ganagrene,
claudication, amputation.)
◉ Causes of infection in DM. Answer: 1. Impaired sense (vision,
touch)
2. Hypoxia
3. Pathogens (proliferate d/t glucose in blood)
4. Blood supply (decreased supple of WBCs)
5. Suppressed Immune System: chronic hyperglycemia impairs
innate and adaptive immune response
6. Delayed wound healing (slow collagen synthesis and
angiogenesis)
◉ Reflux Esophagitis (GERD). Answer: Reflux of acid and pepsin or
bile salts from stomach to esophagus that causes esophagitis.
Prevalence: 18-27% US.
◉ Risk factors of GERD. Answer: Obesity
Hiatal hernia
Drugs that relax lower esophageal sphincter
pregnancy
, vomiting
lifting/bending
◉ GERD causes. Answer: Abnormalities in:
1. Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
2. Esophageal motility
3. Gastric motility/ delayed gastric emptying
OR: Increased abdominal pressure: (vomiting, coughing, lifting,
bending, obesity, pregnancy)
OR: Hiatal Hernia (weakens LES)
◉ Causes of delayed gastric emptying. Answer: 1. Gastroparesis
2. Gastric or duodenal ulcers (causing pyloric edema)
3. Strictures that narrow the pylorus
◉ GERD symptoms. Answer: Related to severity of injury, frequency,
and duration of reflux.
1. Heartburn
2. Chronic Cough
3. Asthma attacks
4. Laryngitis
5. Sinusitis
