Samenvatting Methodologie: kwantitatief onderzoek
Hoofdstuk 6: onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen .................. 6
6.1. Onderzoeksproblemen en paradigma’s ........................................................ 6
6.2. Bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen ............................................................. 6
6.3. Developing and refining research problems .................................................. 7
6.3.1. Select a topic ....................................................................................... 7
6.3.2. Narrowing the topic .............................................................................. 8
6.3.3. Evaluating research problems ............................................................... 8
6.4. Communicating research problems and questions – statements of purposes . 8
6.4.1. Statements of purpose (= doelstelling) ................................................... 9
6.4.2. Research questions .............................................................................. 9
6.4.3. Research questions in quantitative studies ............................................. 9
6.4.4. Research Questions in Qualitative Studies ........................................... 11
6.5. Problem Statements ................................................................................. 11
6.6. Research hypotheses ............................................................................... 11
6.6.1. Function of Hypotheses in Quantitative Research ................................. 11
6.6.2. Characteristics of Testable Hypotheses ............................................... 11
6.6.3. The Derivation of Hypotheses .............................................................. 12
6.6.4. Wording of Hypothese ......................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 7: ethiek in onderzoek ........................................................................ 12
7.1. Inleiding: ethische kaders en documenten.................................................. 12
7.1.1. Fundamentele ethische codes............................................................. 12
7.1.2. Professionele en overheidsregulering ................................................... 12
7.2. Ethische dilemma’s in onderzoek .............................................................. 13
7.3. Ethische principes ter bescherming deelnemers ......................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 8: Procedures voor de Bescherming van Deelnemers ........................... 16
8.1. Risico-Batenanalyse (Risk/Benefit assessment).......................................... 16
8.2 Geïnformeerde Toestemming (Informed Consent)........................................ 16
8.3. Confidentialiteit vs. Anonimiteit ................................................................. 17
8.4. Debriefing en Communicatie ..................................................................... 17
8.5. Kwetsbare Groepen (Vulnerable Groups).................................................... 17
8.6. Externe Toetsing (External Review) ............................................................. 17
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Hoofdstuk 9: Overige Ethische Kwesties .............................................................. 18
9.1. Dierproeven ............................................................................................. 18
9.2. Wetenschappelijk Wangedrag (Research Misconduct) ................................ 18
Hoofdstuk 10: Kwantitatieve Onderzoeksdesigns ................................................. 19
10.1. Algemene Design Kwesties: Causaliteit .................................................... 19
10.2. Het Counterfactual Model ....................................................................... 20
10.3. Experimentele design .............................................................................. 20
10.3.1. Manipulatie: De Experimentele Interventie .......................................... 20
10.3.2. De Controleconditie.......................................................................... 20
10.3.3. Randomisatie ................................................................................... 21
10.3.5. Stappen in een conventioneel RCT-design .......................................... 23
10.4. Specifieke Experimentele designs ............................................................ 24
10.5. Sterktes en beperkingen van de RCT ......................................................... 25
Hoofdstuk 11: kwantitatieve onderzoeksdesign .................................................... 26
11.1. Quasi-experimentele designs .................................................................. 26
11.1.1. Nonequivalent control group designs ................................................. 26
11.1.2. Time series design ............................................................................ 27
11.1.3. Sterktes en beperkingen van Quasi-experimenten ............................... 29
11.2. Non-experimentele/Observationele Designs............................................. 29
11.2.1. Correlationeel Oorzaak-zoekend Onderzoek (Cause-Probing Research) 29
11.3. Designs en Onderzoeksevidentie ............................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 12: Sampling in kwantitatief onderzoek ................................................ 32
12.1. Inleiding tot sampling .............................................................................. 32
12.1.1. Sampling plan .................................................................................. 32
12.2. Basisconcepten in Sampling.................................................................... 32
12.2.1. In- en exclusiecriteria (Eligibility Criteria) ............................................ 32
12.2.2. Representativiteit en Bias .................................................................. 32
12.2.3. Strata- en Staged Sampling................................................................ 33
12.3. Non-Probability Sampling ........................................................................ 33
12.3.1. Convenience Sampling (Gemakkelijkheidssteekproef)......................... 33
12.3.2. Quota sampling (quotasteekproef) ..................................................... 33
12.3.3. Consecutive sampling (Opeenvolgende steekproeftrekking) ................ 33
12.3.4. Purpose sampling (Doelgerichte steekproeftrekking) ........................... 34
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12.4. Probability Sampling ............................................................................... 34
12.4.1. Simple Random Sampling (Enkelvoudige Aselecte Steekproef) ............. 34
12.4.2. Stratified Random Sampling (Gestratificeerde Aselecte Steekproef) ..... 34
12.4.3. Multistage Cluster Sampling (Clustersteekproef) ................................ 34
12.4.4. Systematic Sampling (Systematische Steekproeftrekking) ................... 35
12.5. Steekproefgrootte (Sample Size) in kwantitatieve studies .......................... 35
12.5.1. Factoren die de Steekproefgrootte Beïnvloeden .................................. 35
12.5.2. Poweranalyse ................................................................................... 35
Hoofdstuk 13: Specifieke Types van Kwantitatief Onderzoek ................................. 36
13.1. Klinische Studies (Clinical Trials) ............................................................. 36
13.1.1 Pragmatische Klinische Studies (Practical/Pragmatic Clinical Trials) ..... 39
13.2. Evaluatieonderzoek (Evaluation Research) ............................................... 39
13.3. Health Service and Outcomes Research ................................................... 40
13.3.1. Kwaliteitsmodel van Donabedian ....................................................... 40
13.4. Survey-onderzoek (Survey Research)........................................................ 40
13.5. Andere Types Onderzoek ......................................................................... 41
Hoofdstuk 14: Rigor en Validiteit in Kwantitatief Onderzoek ................................... 42
14.1. Validiteit en Inferentie ............................................................................. 42
14.2. Het Controleren van Confounders............................................................ 42
14.3. Statistische Conclusievaliditeit................................................................ 43
14.4. Interne Validiteit ..................................................................................... 43
14.4.1. Interne Validiteit en Data-analyse ...................................................... 44
14.5. Constructvaliditeit .................................................................................. 45
14.5.1. Bedreigingen voor de Constructvaliditeit ............................................ 45
14.6. Externe Validiteit (generaliseerbaarheid) .................................................. 45
14.7. Afwegingen en Prioriteiten in Studievaliditeit ............................................. 46
Hoofdstuk 15: Epidemiologie: Basisconcepten en Definities ................................. 47
15.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................. 47
15.1.1. Definities en doelstellingen ............................................................... 47
15.2. Historische mijlpalen .............................................................................. 47
15.2.1. Epidemiologische transitie ................................................................ 47
15.3. Frequentie van ziekte meten .................................................................... 48
15.3.1. Prevalentie (statistische benadering).................................................. 48
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15.3.2. Incidentie (Dynamische benadering) .................................................. 48
15.4. Andere frequentiematen ......................................................................... 49
15.4.1. Mortaliteit (sterfte) ............................................................................ 49
15.4.2. Levensverwachting (Life Expectancy) ................................................. 49
15.5. Standaardisatie ...................................................................................... 49
15.6. Associatiematen..................................................................................... 50
15.6.1. Associatiematen in Cohortstudies ..................................................... 50
15.6.2. Relatief risico (RR)............................................................................. 50
15.6.3. Toewijsbaar risico (Attributable Risk) .................................................. 51
15.6.4. Causaliteit en Designkeuzes .............................................................. 52
15.6.5. Sterktes en Beperkingen van Cohort- vs. Case-Control Studies ............ 52
15.6.5. Risicofunctie en Interactie ................................................................. 52
15.6.6. Designs en Onderzoeksevidentie ....................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 16: Dataverzameling in Kwantitatief Onderzoek ....................................... 55
16.1. Het Ontwikkelen van een Dataverzamelingsplan ....................................... 55
16.2. Gestructureerde Zelfrapportage-instrumenten ......................................... 56
16.2.1. Types Vragen .................................................................................... 57
16.2.2. Specifieke Types Gesloten Vragen ...................................................... 57
16.2.3. Composietschalen en Andere Instrumenten ....................................... 57
16.2.4. Response Set Bias ............................................................................ 58
16.3. Gestructureerde Observatie .................................................................... 58
16.4. Biofysiologische Metingen ....................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 17: Meting en Datakwaliteit .................................................................... 59
17.1. Inleiding tot Meting en Datakwaliteit ......................................................... 59
17.1.1. Fouten in Metingen (Errors of Measurement) ....................................... 59
17.1.2. Reflectieve vs. Formatieve Schalen .................................................... 59
17.2. Een Taxonomie van Meeteigenschappen .................................................. 60
17.3. Betrouwbaarheid (Reliability) ................................................................... 61
17.3.1. Types van Betrouwbaarheid ............................................................... 61
17.4. Interne Consistentie (Internal Consistency) .............................................. 61
17.4.2. Criteriumvaliditeit (Criterion Validity).................................................. 61
17.4.3. Constructvaliditeit ............................................................................ 62
17.5. Meten van verandering (Responiveness) ................................................... 64
Hoofdstuk 6: onderzoeksproblemen, onderzoeksvragen en hypothesen .................. 6
6.1. Onderzoeksproblemen en paradigma’s ........................................................ 6
6.2. Bronnen van onderzoeksproblemen ............................................................. 6
6.3. Developing and refining research problems .................................................. 7
6.3.1. Select a topic ....................................................................................... 7
6.3.2. Narrowing the topic .............................................................................. 8
6.3.3. Evaluating research problems ............................................................... 8
6.4. Communicating research problems and questions – statements of purposes . 8
6.4.1. Statements of purpose (= doelstelling) ................................................... 9
6.4.2. Research questions .............................................................................. 9
6.4.3. Research questions in quantitative studies ............................................. 9
6.4.4. Research Questions in Qualitative Studies ........................................... 11
6.5. Problem Statements ................................................................................. 11
6.6. Research hypotheses ............................................................................... 11
6.6.1. Function of Hypotheses in Quantitative Research ................................. 11
6.6.2. Characteristics of Testable Hypotheses ............................................... 11
6.6.3. The Derivation of Hypotheses .............................................................. 12
6.6.4. Wording of Hypothese ......................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 7: ethiek in onderzoek ........................................................................ 12
7.1. Inleiding: ethische kaders en documenten.................................................. 12
7.1.1. Fundamentele ethische codes............................................................. 12
7.1.2. Professionele en overheidsregulering ................................................... 12
7.2. Ethische dilemma’s in onderzoek .............................................................. 13
7.3. Ethische principes ter bescherming deelnemers ......................................... 14
Hoofdstuk 8: Procedures voor de Bescherming van Deelnemers ........................... 16
8.1. Risico-Batenanalyse (Risk/Benefit assessment).......................................... 16
8.2 Geïnformeerde Toestemming (Informed Consent)........................................ 16
8.3. Confidentialiteit vs. Anonimiteit ................................................................. 17
8.4. Debriefing en Communicatie ..................................................................... 17
8.5. Kwetsbare Groepen (Vulnerable Groups).................................................... 17
8.6. Externe Toetsing (External Review) ............................................................. 17
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Hoofdstuk 9: Overige Ethische Kwesties .............................................................. 18
9.1. Dierproeven ............................................................................................. 18
9.2. Wetenschappelijk Wangedrag (Research Misconduct) ................................ 18
Hoofdstuk 10: Kwantitatieve Onderzoeksdesigns ................................................. 19
10.1. Algemene Design Kwesties: Causaliteit .................................................... 19
10.2. Het Counterfactual Model ....................................................................... 20
10.3. Experimentele design .............................................................................. 20
10.3.1. Manipulatie: De Experimentele Interventie .......................................... 20
10.3.2. De Controleconditie.......................................................................... 20
10.3.3. Randomisatie ................................................................................... 21
10.3.5. Stappen in een conventioneel RCT-design .......................................... 23
10.4. Specifieke Experimentele designs ............................................................ 24
10.5. Sterktes en beperkingen van de RCT ......................................................... 25
Hoofdstuk 11: kwantitatieve onderzoeksdesign .................................................... 26
11.1. Quasi-experimentele designs .................................................................. 26
11.1.1. Nonequivalent control group designs ................................................. 26
11.1.2. Time series design ............................................................................ 27
11.1.3. Sterktes en beperkingen van Quasi-experimenten ............................... 29
11.2. Non-experimentele/Observationele Designs............................................. 29
11.2.1. Correlationeel Oorzaak-zoekend Onderzoek (Cause-Probing Research) 29
11.3. Designs en Onderzoeksevidentie ............................................................. 31
Hoofdstuk 12: Sampling in kwantitatief onderzoek ................................................ 32
12.1. Inleiding tot sampling .............................................................................. 32
12.1.1. Sampling plan .................................................................................. 32
12.2. Basisconcepten in Sampling.................................................................... 32
12.2.1. In- en exclusiecriteria (Eligibility Criteria) ............................................ 32
12.2.2. Representativiteit en Bias .................................................................. 32
12.2.3. Strata- en Staged Sampling................................................................ 33
12.3. Non-Probability Sampling ........................................................................ 33
12.3.1. Convenience Sampling (Gemakkelijkheidssteekproef)......................... 33
12.3.2. Quota sampling (quotasteekproef) ..................................................... 33
12.3.3. Consecutive sampling (Opeenvolgende steekproeftrekking) ................ 33
12.3.4. Purpose sampling (Doelgerichte steekproeftrekking) ........................... 34
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12.4. Probability Sampling ............................................................................... 34
12.4.1. Simple Random Sampling (Enkelvoudige Aselecte Steekproef) ............. 34
12.4.2. Stratified Random Sampling (Gestratificeerde Aselecte Steekproef) ..... 34
12.4.3. Multistage Cluster Sampling (Clustersteekproef) ................................ 34
12.4.4. Systematic Sampling (Systematische Steekproeftrekking) ................... 35
12.5. Steekproefgrootte (Sample Size) in kwantitatieve studies .......................... 35
12.5.1. Factoren die de Steekproefgrootte Beïnvloeden .................................. 35
12.5.2. Poweranalyse ................................................................................... 35
Hoofdstuk 13: Specifieke Types van Kwantitatief Onderzoek ................................. 36
13.1. Klinische Studies (Clinical Trials) ............................................................. 36
13.1.1 Pragmatische Klinische Studies (Practical/Pragmatic Clinical Trials) ..... 39
13.2. Evaluatieonderzoek (Evaluation Research) ............................................... 39
13.3. Health Service and Outcomes Research ................................................... 40
13.3.1. Kwaliteitsmodel van Donabedian ....................................................... 40
13.4. Survey-onderzoek (Survey Research)........................................................ 40
13.5. Andere Types Onderzoek ......................................................................... 41
Hoofdstuk 14: Rigor en Validiteit in Kwantitatief Onderzoek ................................... 42
14.1. Validiteit en Inferentie ............................................................................. 42
14.2. Het Controleren van Confounders............................................................ 42
14.3. Statistische Conclusievaliditeit................................................................ 43
14.4. Interne Validiteit ..................................................................................... 43
14.4.1. Interne Validiteit en Data-analyse ...................................................... 44
14.5. Constructvaliditeit .................................................................................. 45
14.5.1. Bedreigingen voor de Constructvaliditeit ............................................ 45
14.6. Externe Validiteit (generaliseerbaarheid) .................................................. 45
14.7. Afwegingen en Prioriteiten in Studievaliditeit ............................................. 46
Hoofdstuk 15: Epidemiologie: Basisconcepten en Definities ................................. 47
15.1. Inleiding ................................................................................................. 47
15.1.1. Definities en doelstellingen ............................................................... 47
15.2. Historische mijlpalen .............................................................................. 47
15.2.1. Epidemiologische transitie ................................................................ 47
15.3. Frequentie van ziekte meten .................................................................... 48
15.3.1. Prevalentie (statistische benadering).................................................. 48
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15.3.2. Incidentie (Dynamische benadering) .................................................. 48
15.4. Andere frequentiematen ......................................................................... 49
15.4.1. Mortaliteit (sterfte) ............................................................................ 49
15.4.2. Levensverwachting (Life Expectancy) ................................................. 49
15.5. Standaardisatie ...................................................................................... 49
15.6. Associatiematen..................................................................................... 50
15.6.1. Associatiematen in Cohortstudies ..................................................... 50
15.6.2. Relatief risico (RR)............................................................................. 50
15.6.3. Toewijsbaar risico (Attributable Risk) .................................................. 51
15.6.4. Causaliteit en Designkeuzes .............................................................. 52
15.6.5. Sterktes en Beperkingen van Cohort- vs. Case-Control Studies ............ 52
15.6.5. Risicofunctie en Interactie ................................................................. 52
15.6.6. Designs en Onderzoeksevidentie ....................................................... 53
Hoofdstuk 16: Dataverzameling in Kwantitatief Onderzoek ....................................... 55
16.1. Het Ontwikkelen van een Dataverzamelingsplan ....................................... 55
16.2. Gestructureerde Zelfrapportage-instrumenten ......................................... 56
16.2.1. Types Vragen .................................................................................... 57
16.2.2. Specifieke Types Gesloten Vragen ...................................................... 57
16.2.3. Composietschalen en Andere Instrumenten ....................................... 57
16.2.4. Response Set Bias ............................................................................ 58
16.3. Gestructureerde Observatie .................................................................... 58
16.4. Biofysiologische Metingen ....................................................................... 58
Hoofdstuk 17: Meting en Datakwaliteit .................................................................... 59
17.1. Inleiding tot Meting en Datakwaliteit ......................................................... 59
17.1.1. Fouten in Metingen (Errors of Measurement) ....................................... 59
17.1.2. Reflectieve vs. Formatieve Schalen .................................................... 59
17.2. Een Taxonomie van Meeteigenschappen .................................................. 60
17.3. Betrouwbaarheid (Reliability) ................................................................... 61
17.3.1. Types van Betrouwbaarheid ............................................................... 61
17.4. Interne Consistentie (Internal Consistency) .............................................. 61
17.4.2. Criteriumvaliditeit (Criterion Validity).................................................. 61
17.4.3. Constructvaliditeit ............................................................................ 62
17.5. Meten van verandering (Responiveness) ................................................... 64
