NURS 3140 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027
two patterns of reversible cell injury - Answers -Cellular swelling: impairment of the energy-
dependent Na+/K+ ATPase membrane pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury.
-Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
Causes of cell injury - Answers physical agents, radiation, chemical, biological agents, nutritional
imbalances
Mechanisms of cell injury - Answers (1) Free radical formation/reactive oxygen species (2)
Hypoxia leading to ATP depletion (3) Impaired calcium homeostasis
disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - Answers Ischemia and toxins lead to an
increase in intracellular calcium which leads to further cell membrane damage and ATP
depletions
Irreversible cell injury - Answers necrosis, gangrene, apoptosis
Seyle's stress response theory - Answers Alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
Adrenal medulla/ hypothalamus release - Answers Norepinephrine and epinephrine
posterior pituitary releases - Answers ADH
Anterior pituitary releases - Answers adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex releases - Answers cortisol and aldosterone
Transcription - Answers Messenger RNA formed from DNA in nucleus
Translation - Answers Synthesis of protein using mRNA template in cytoplasm
Mitosis - Answers Replication of DNA to duplicate somatic cells in the body. Each of two
resulting cells has an identical set of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis - Answers Results in formation of gametes each of which has only a single set of 23
chromosomes.
Penetrance - Answers The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually
displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
Expressivity - Answers the degree to which a trait is expressed
Types of Gene Disorders - Answers Single gene, polygenic, multifactorial
autosomal dominant - Answers Phenotype expressed in heterozygous gene pair
Autosomal recessive - Answers Phenotype only expressed in homozygous gene pair
, intracellular fluid - Answers fluid within cells, 2/3 of body fluid
extracellular fluid - Answers interstitial fluid and plasma
passive transport - Answers Diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Osmosis - Answers Movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of
higher solute concentration.
osmotic pressure - Answers Pressure created by solutes to draw water through osmosis
Filtration - Answers Movement of water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable
membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Occurs due to hydrostatic
pressure balanced with osmotic pressure.
hydrostatic pressure - Answers Pushes things out of the vessel
oncotic pressure - Answers Reabsorbs things into the vessel
Renin from the kidneys is released in response to - Answers low renal blood flow and low BP
angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by - Answers ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
Angiotensin II acts. In what two ways? - Answers It's a potent vasoconstrictor and it stimulates
the release of aldosterone
ADH comes from where? - Answers Secreted from posterior pituitary
What does ADH do? - Answers promotes water reabsorption from kidney tubules, also a potent
vasoconstrictor
fluid volume deficit - Answers hypovolemia, polyuria, diarrhea
fluid volume excess - Answers Cardiac/renal issues common cause, particularly right side heart
dysfunction. Possibly also pituitary/ hormonal dysfunction
Fluid Volume Shift (edema) - Answers Edema caused by increased hydrostatic pressure,
decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, lymphatic channel
obstruction (lymphedema)
Fluid Volume Shift (Third Spacing) - Answers Ascites, pleural effusion, etc.
With a decrease in ADH release, urine will be more... - Answers Dilute
With a decrease in ADH release, specific gravity of urine will be... - Answers Low
Cations - Answers Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium
Anions - Answers chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate
two patterns of reversible cell injury - Answers -Cellular swelling: impairment of the energy-
dependent Na+/K+ ATPase membrane pump, usually as the result of hypoxic cell injury.
-Fatty change: linked to intracellular accumulation of fat
Causes of cell injury - Answers physical agents, radiation, chemical, biological agents, nutritional
imbalances
Mechanisms of cell injury - Answers (1) Free radical formation/reactive oxygen species (2)
Hypoxia leading to ATP depletion (3) Impaired calcium homeostasis
disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis - Answers Ischemia and toxins lead to an
increase in intracellular calcium which leads to further cell membrane damage and ATP
depletions
Irreversible cell injury - Answers necrosis, gangrene, apoptosis
Seyle's stress response theory - Answers Alarm stage, resistance stage, exhaustion stage
Adrenal medulla/ hypothalamus release - Answers Norepinephrine and epinephrine
posterior pituitary releases - Answers ADH
Anterior pituitary releases - Answers adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex releases - Answers cortisol and aldosterone
Transcription - Answers Messenger RNA formed from DNA in nucleus
Translation - Answers Synthesis of protein using mRNA template in cytoplasm
Mitosis - Answers Replication of DNA to duplicate somatic cells in the body. Each of two
resulting cells has an identical set of 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Meiosis - Answers Results in formation of gametes each of which has only a single set of 23
chromosomes.
Penetrance - Answers The percentage of individuals with a particular genotype that actually
displays the phenotype associated with the genotype.
Expressivity - Answers the degree to which a trait is expressed
Types of Gene Disorders - Answers Single gene, polygenic, multifactorial
autosomal dominant - Answers Phenotype expressed in heterozygous gene pair
Autosomal recessive - Answers Phenotype only expressed in homozygous gene pair
, intracellular fluid - Answers fluid within cells, 2/3 of body fluid
extracellular fluid - Answers interstitial fluid and plasma
passive transport - Answers Diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Osmosis - Answers Movement of water from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of
higher solute concentration.
osmotic pressure - Answers Pressure created by solutes to draw water through osmosis
Filtration - Answers Movement of water and smaller molecules through a semipermeable
membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. Occurs due to hydrostatic
pressure balanced with osmotic pressure.
hydrostatic pressure - Answers Pushes things out of the vessel
oncotic pressure - Answers Reabsorbs things into the vessel
Renin from the kidneys is released in response to - Answers low renal blood flow and low BP
angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin 2 by - Answers ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
Angiotensin II acts. In what two ways? - Answers It's a potent vasoconstrictor and it stimulates
the release of aldosterone
ADH comes from where? - Answers Secreted from posterior pituitary
What does ADH do? - Answers promotes water reabsorption from kidney tubules, also a potent
vasoconstrictor
fluid volume deficit - Answers hypovolemia, polyuria, diarrhea
fluid volume excess - Answers Cardiac/renal issues common cause, particularly right side heart
dysfunction. Possibly also pituitary/ hormonal dysfunction
Fluid Volume Shift (edema) - Answers Edema caused by increased hydrostatic pressure,
decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary membrane permeability, lymphatic channel
obstruction (lymphedema)
Fluid Volume Shift (Third Spacing) - Answers Ascites, pleural effusion, etc.
With a decrease in ADH release, urine will be more... - Answers Dilute
With a decrease in ADH release, specific gravity of urine will be... - Answers Low
Cations - Answers Sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium
Anions - Answers chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, phosphate
