CPH TEST BANK 2026 EXAM REVIEW WITH
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ acute disease. Answer: referring to a health effect, with sudden onset,
often brief; sometimes loosely used to mean severe
◉ acute disease. Answer: referring to exposure, either brief, intense, or
short-term; sometimes specifically referr ing to brief exposure of high
intensity
◉ adjusted rate. Answer: rate in which the effects of differences in
composition of the populations being compared have been minimized by
statistical methods
◉ age-specific rate. Answer: rate for a specified age group; numerator
and denominator refer to the same age group
◉ association. Answer: (Syn: correlation, [statistical] dependence,
relationship) Statistical dependence between two or more events,
characteristics , or other variables. An association is present if the
probability of occurrence of an event of characteristic , or the quantity of
a variable, depends upon the occurrence of one or more other events, the
presence of one or more other characteristics, or the quantity of one or
more other variables
,◉ attributable risk. Answer: rate (proportion) of a disease or other
outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure.
This measure is derived by subtracting the rate of the outcome (usually
incidence or mortality) among the unexposed from the rate among the
exposed individuals; it is assumed that causes other than the one under
investigation have had equal effects on the exposed and unexposed
groups
◉ bias. Answer: deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or
processes leading to such deviation. Any trend in the collection, analysis,
interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions
that are systematically different from the truth
◉ case. Answer: In epidemiology, a person in the population or study
group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or
condition under investigation
◉ case-control study. Answer: (Syn: case comparison study, case
compeer study, case history study, case referent study, retros pective
study) The observational epidemiologic study of persons with the
disease (or other outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control
(comparison, reference) group of persons without the disease
◉ case fatality rate. Answer: proportion of cases of a specified condition
which are fatal within a specified time
,◉ cause (determinant). Answer: factor or event that is capable of
bringing about change in health
◉ chronic. Answer: referring to a health-related state, lasting a long
time. 2. Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, often with
specific reference to low intensity. 3. The US National Center for Health
Statistics defines a ' chronic' condition as one of 3 months' duration or
longer.
◉ clinical. Answer: concerned with or based on actual observation and
treatment of disease in patients rather than experimentation or theory
◉ clinical trial. Answer: (Syn: therapeutic trial) A research activity that
involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its
efficacy and safety. The term is subject to wide variation in usage, from
the first use in humans without any control treatment to a rigorously
designed and executed experiment involving test and control treatments
and randomization
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase I. Answer: trial Safety and pharmacologic
profiles. The first introduction of a candidate vaccine or a drug into a
human population to determine its safety and mode of action. In drug
trials , this phase may Include studies of dose and route of
administration. Phase I trials usually involve tewer than 100 healthy
volunteers
, ◉ Clinical Trial, Phase II. Answer: pilot efficacy studies. Initial trial to
examine efficacy usually in 200 to 500 volunteers; with vaccines, the
focus is on immunogenicity, and with drugs , on demonstration of safety
and efficacy in comparison to other existing regimens. Usually but not
always, subjects are randomly allocated to study and control groups .
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase III. Answer: intended for complete assessment of
safety and efficacy. It involves larger numbers, perhaps thousands, of
volunteers, usually with random allocation to study and control groups,
and may be a multicenter trial
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase IV. Answer: trial With drugs, this phase is
conducted after the national drug registration authority (e.g ., the Food
and Drug Administration in the United States) has approved the drug for
distribution or marketing. Phase IV trials may include research designed
to explore a specific pharmacologic effect, to establish the incident of
adverse reactions, or to determine the effects of long-term use. Ethical
review is required for phase IV clinical trials , but not for routine post
marketing surveillance.
◉ cohort study. Answer: (Syn: concurrent, follow-up, incidence,
longitudinal, prospective study) The analytic method of epidemiologic
study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are,
have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed
In different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the
probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ acute disease. Answer: referring to a health effect, with sudden onset,
often brief; sometimes loosely used to mean severe
◉ acute disease. Answer: referring to exposure, either brief, intense, or
short-term; sometimes specifically referr ing to brief exposure of high
intensity
◉ adjusted rate. Answer: rate in which the effects of differences in
composition of the populations being compared have been minimized by
statistical methods
◉ age-specific rate. Answer: rate for a specified age group; numerator
and denominator refer to the same age group
◉ association. Answer: (Syn: correlation, [statistical] dependence,
relationship) Statistical dependence between two or more events,
characteristics , or other variables. An association is present if the
probability of occurrence of an event of characteristic , or the quantity of
a variable, depends upon the occurrence of one or more other events, the
presence of one or more other characteristics, or the quantity of one or
more other variables
,◉ attributable risk. Answer: rate (proportion) of a disease or other
outcome in exposed individuals that can be attributed to the exposure.
This measure is derived by subtracting the rate of the outcome (usually
incidence or mortality) among the unexposed from the rate among the
exposed individuals; it is assumed that causes other than the one under
investigation have had equal effects on the exposed and unexposed
groups
◉ bias. Answer: deviation of results or inferences from the truth, or
processes leading to such deviation. Any trend in the collection, analysis,
interpretation, publication, or review of data that can lead to conclusions
that are systematically different from the truth
◉ case. Answer: In epidemiology, a person in the population or study
group identified as having the particular disease, health disorder, or
condition under investigation
◉ case-control study. Answer: (Syn: case comparison study, case
compeer study, case history study, case referent study, retros pective
study) The observational epidemiologic study of persons with the
disease (or other outcome variable) of interest and a suitable control
(comparison, reference) group of persons without the disease
◉ case fatality rate. Answer: proportion of cases of a specified condition
which are fatal within a specified time
,◉ cause (determinant). Answer: factor or event that is capable of
bringing about change in health
◉ chronic. Answer: referring to a health-related state, lasting a long
time. 2. Referring to exposure, prolonged or long-term, often with
specific reference to low intensity. 3. The US National Center for Health
Statistics defines a ' chronic' condition as one of 3 months' duration or
longer.
◉ clinical. Answer: concerned with or based on actual observation and
treatment of disease in patients rather than experimentation or theory
◉ clinical trial. Answer: (Syn: therapeutic trial) A research activity that
involves the administration of a test regimen to humans to evaluate its
efficacy and safety. The term is subject to wide variation in usage, from
the first use in humans without any control treatment to a rigorously
designed and executed experiment involving test and control treatments
and randomization
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase I. Answer: trial Safety and pharmacologic
profiles. The first introduction of a candidate vaccine or a drug into a
human population to determine its safety and mode of action. In drug
trials , this phase may Include studies of dose and route of
administration. Phase I trials usually involve tewer than 100 healthy
volunteers
, ◉ Clinical Trial, Phase II. Answer: pilot efficacy studies. Initial trial to
examine efficacy usually in 200 to 500 volunteers; with vaccines, the
focus is on immunogenicity, and with drugs , on demonstration of safety
and efficacy in comparison to other existing regimens. Usually but not
always, subjects are randomly allocated to study and control groups .
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase III. Answer: intended for complete assessment of
safety and efficacy. It involves larger numbers, perhaps thousands, of
volunteers, usually with random allocation to study and control groups,
and may be a multicenter trial
◉ Clinical Trial, Phase IV. Answer: trial With drugs, this phase is
conducted after the national drug registration authority (e.g ., the Food
and Drug Administration in the United States) has approved the drug for
distribution or marketing. Phase IV trials may include research designed
to explore a specific pharmacologic effect, to establish the incident of
adverse reactions, or to determine the effects of long-term use. Ethical
review is required for phase IV clinical trials , but not for routine post
marketing surveillance.
◉ cohort study. Answer: (Syn: concurrent, follow-up, incidence,
longitudinal, prospective study) The analytic method of epidemiologic
study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are,
have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed
In different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the
probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome
