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Solutions Manual for Introduction to
Environmental Management, 2e by Mary
Theodore, Louis Theodore (All Chapters)
PART I - OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction To Environmental Issues
1.1 Explain the original motivations for the protection of natural resources. What
were some of the early measures taken for the protection of the environment?
Original motivations for protection of natural resources developed from a preservationist
attitude from which developed an appreciation for undisturbed open areas of nature and its
respected wildlife. The preservationist motivation inspired individuals like Theodore
Roosevelt, John Muir and Gifford Pinchot to propose legislation that set aside large area
of undeveloped land as reservations and wildlife sanctuaries. Other early legislation was
directed at regulating lumbering and protecting navigable waterways.
1.2 What information did the Exxon Valdez and Love Canal incidents provide about
environmental awareness?
The oil spills of the Exxon Valdez in 1989 and in the Gulf War of 1991 showed how
delicate the oceans and their ecosystems truly are. The disclosures of Love Canal in 1978
made the entire nation aware of the dangers of hazardous chemical waste.
1.3 List examples of technological innovations that significantly impacted the
development of human culture during the industrial revolution.
1. Steam engine
2. Railroad
3. Mechanical thresher
4. Cotton gin
5. Reaper
6. Combine harvester
7. Steam shovel
1.4 In 1980, The Global 2000 Report to the President warned that stresses caused by
global overpopulation, environmental abuse and resource depletion would
deteriorate the earth’s ability to provide natural resources. The report predicted that
by the year 2000, the earth would experience overcrowding and heavy pollution and
will be susceptible to natural and human catastrophe. Now that the year 2000 has
come and passed, comment on this document?
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The Global 2000 Report to the President may have been far reaching in its predictions
about the welfare of the planet by the year 2000. Stringent government regulations have
curbed many of the past environment abuses by industry. Strides in education and family
planning have led to significant reductions in population growth. Present natural resources
are sufficient to sustain existing human consumption. Despite these accomplishments, it is
difficult to ignore the signs of rising global temperatures and depletion of the ozone layer.
The long-term effects of industrial catastrophes such as Chernobyl have yet to be seen.
Potential catastrophes still exist. One threat that exists is the potential fallout from the
decommissioning of massive nuclear arsenals.
1.5 Why were diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Canada being affected in the
late 1970s? What were the first steps taken in resolving the issue(s)?
In the early 1970s, Canadian scientists began to report on the adverse environmental effects
of acidity in lake water, and to link fish kills in acidic lakes and streams in eastern Canada
to U.S. emission of SOx and NOx. Acid rain became the two countries’ serious diplomatic
issue affecting the relationship between U.S. and Canada. In 1980, the countries’ first steps
in resolving the issue involved a Memorandum of Intent that called for shared research and
other bilateral efforts to analyze and control acid rain. An important high-altitude
experiment was called “CATEX”, where trace elements of various chemicals were inserted
into SO2 plumes from coal-fired plants and monitored along their path.
1.6 What two distinct groups can alternative fuels be divided into? What are the three
primary replacement fuels of current interest?
The two distinct groups alternative fuels can be divided into are those that could completely
replace gasoline and those that can be low-level additives to gasoline. The three primary
replacement fuels of interest currently are methanol, ethanol, and compressed natural gas
(CNG).
CHAPTER 2 – Environmental Regulations
2.1 Title I and Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 identify a short list
of pollutants that are monitored for air quality. What are these pollutants? What
source is identified as a significant contributor of pollutants into the atmosphere?
Key air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act are carbon monoxide (CO), volatile
organic carbons (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and fine particulate (PM-10).
A significant contributor of pollutants to the atmosphere is the automobile. Automobiles
contribute over 50% of all ground level ozone, VOCs, and NOx, and over 90% of CO
emissions.
2.2 What are the four characteristics that may classify a solid waste as a hazardous
waste?
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1. Reactivity – reacts violently with water, can produce toxic gas, or be classified as
explosive
2. Ignitability – readily combustible
3. Corrosivity – pH is either < 2 or > 12.5
4. Toxicity – can bioaccumulate in various aqueous species
2.3 Describe the objectives and powers of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right to Know Act.
The EPCRA requires state and local governments to form committees with the purpose of
developing emergency response plans for accidental releases of hazardous substances. The
EPCRA also requires that facilities that handle hazardous chemicals complete the
following:
1. carry Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous materials present in
the facility,
2. perform Tier I or Tier II reporting of hazardous material inventories, and
3. when required, provide reports on quantities of hazardous materials released by the
facility.
2.4 Describe the objectives and powers of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). How does OSHA differ from the EPA?
OSHA was established to create and enforce standards designed to ensure the health and
safety of the public in the workplace. OSHA also requires all employers to conduct
hazardous “right-to-know” communication in order to inform employers of hazardous
materials that exist in the workplace. OSHA and the EPA differ by their respective
jurisdictions. The purposed of the EPA is to protect both the environment and the general
public from environmental abuse. In contrast, OSHA is limited to protecting the welfare of
people in the workplace.
2.5 The Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976 provided the EPA with two powers.
What were these powers?
The first part of the TSCA empowered the EPA to require manufacturers to provide
Premanufacturing Notification for chemicals that are either new for production or targeted
for a new use. The second power established by TSCA enabled the EPA to regulate
manufacture, distribution and use of these chemicals, and required manufacturers to carry
detailed records to protect against potential chemical exposure.
2.6 Discuss the present NAAQS.
A National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is the maximum level that will be
permitted for a given pollutant. There are two kinds of such standards: primary and
secondary. Primary standards are to be sufficiently stringent to protect the public health;
secondary standards must protect the public welfare. EPA sets these standards after it issues
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a criteria document and a control technology document on the pollutant in question. Both
the primary and secondary standards apply to all areas of the country.
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Solutions Manual for Introduction to
Environmental Management, 2e by Mary
Theodore, Louis Theodore (All Chapters)
PART I - OVERVIEW
CHAPTER 1 – Introduction To Environmental Issues
1.1 Explain the original motivations for the protection of natural resources. What
were some of the early measures taken for the protection of the environment?
Original motivations for protection of natural resources developed from a preservationist
attitude from which developed an appreciation for undisturbed open areas of nature and its
respected wildlife. The preservationist motivation inspired individuals like Theodore
Roosevelt, John Muir and Gifford Pinchot to propose legislation that set aside large area
of undeveloped land as reservations and wildlife sanctuaries. Other early legislation was
directed at regulating lumbering and protecting navigable waterways.
1.2 What information did the Exxon Valdez and Love Canal incidents provide about
environmental awareness?
The oil spills of the Exxon Valdez in 1989 and in the Gulf War of 1991 showed how
delicate the oceans and their ecosystems truly are. The disclosures of Love Canal in 1978
made the entire nation aware of the dangers of hazardous chemical waste.
1.3 List examples of technological innovations that significantly impacted the
development of human culture during the industrial revolution.
1. Steam engine
2. Railroad
3. Mechanical thresher
4. Cotton gin
5. Reaper
6. Combine harvester
7. Steam shovel
1.4 In 1980, The Global 2000 Report to the President warned that stresses caused by
global overpopulation, environmental abuse and resource depletion would
deteriorate the earth’s ability to provide natural resources. The report predicted that
by the year 2000, the earth would experience overcrowding and heavy pollution and
will be susceptible to natural and human catastrophe. Now that the year 2000 has
come and passed, comment on this document?
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The Global 2000 Report to the President may have been far reaching in its predictions
about the welfare of the planet by the year 2000. Stringent government regulations have
curbed many of the past environment abuses by industry. Strides in education and family
planning have led to significant reductions in population growth. Present natural resources
are sufficient to sustain existing human consumption. Despite these accomplishments, it is
difficult to ignore the signs of rising global temperatures and depletion of the ozone layer.
The long-term effects of industrial catastrophes such as Chernobyl have yet to be seen.
Potential catastrophes still exist. One threat that exists is the potential fallout from the
decommissioning of massive nuclear arsenals.
1.5 Why were diplomatic relations between the U.S. and Canada being affected in the
late 1970s? What were the first steps taken in resolving the issue(s)?
In the early 1970s, Canadian scientists began to report on the adverse environmental effects
of acidity in lake water, and to link fish kills in acidic lakes and streams in eastern Canada
to U.S. emission of SOx and NOx. Acid rain became the two countries’ serious diplomatic
issue affecting the relationship between U.S. and Canada. In 1980, the countries’ first steps
in resolving the issue involved a Memorandum of Intent that called for shared research and
other bilateral efforts to analyze and control acid rain. An important high-altitude
experiment was called “CATEX”, where trace elements of various chemicals were inserted
into SO2 plumes from coal-fired plants and monitored along their path.
1.6 What two distinct groups can alternative fuels be divided into? What are the three
primary replacement fuels of current interest?
The two distinct groups alternative fuels can be divided into are those that could completely
replace gasoline and those that can be low-level additives to gasoline. The three primary
replacement fuels of interest currently are methanol, ethanol, and compressed natural gas
(CNG).
CHAPTER 2 – Environmental Regulations
2.1 Title I and Title II of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 identify a short list
of pollutants that are monitored for air quality. What are these pollutants? What
source is identified as a significant contributor of pollutants into the atmosphere?
Key air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act are carbon monoxide (CO), volatile
organic carbons (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), and fine particulate (PM-10).
A significant contributor of pollutants to the atmosphere is the automobile. Automobiles
contribute over 50% of all ground level ozone, VOCs, and NOx, and over 90% of CO
emissions.
2.2 What are the four characteristics that may classify a solid waste as a hazardous
waste?
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1. Reactivity – reacts violently with water, can produce toxic gas, or be classified as
explosive
2. Ignitability – readily combustible
3. Corrosivity – pH is either < 2 or > 12.5
4. Toxicity – can bioaccumulate in various aqueous species
2.3 Describe the objectives and powers of the Emergency Planning and Community
Right to Know Act.
The EPCRA requires state and local governments to form committees with the purpose of
developing emergency response plans for accidental releases of hazardous substances. The
EPCRA also requires that facilities that handle hazardous chemicals complete the
following:
1. carry Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all hazardous materials present in
the facility,
2. perform Tier I or Tier II reporting of hazardous material inventories, and
3. when required, provide reports on quantities of hazardous materials released by the
facility.
2.4 Describe the objectives and powers of the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). How does OSHA differ from the EPA?
OSHA was established to create and enforce standards designed to ensure the health and
safety of the public in the workplace. OSHA also requires all employers to conduct
hazardous “right-to-know” communication in order to inform employers of hazardous
materials that exist in the workplace. OSHA and the EPA differ by their respective
jurisdictions. The purposed of the EPA is to protect both the environment and the general
public from environmental abuse. In contrast, OSHA is limited to protecting the welfare of
people in the workplace.
2.5 The Toxic Substance Control Act of 1976 provided the EPA with two powers.
What were these powers?
The first part of the TSCA empowered the EPA to require manufacturers to provide
Premanufacturing Notification for chemicals that are either new for production or targeted
for a new use. The second power established by TSCA enabled the EPA to regulate
manufacture, distribution and use of these chemicals, and required manufacturers to carry
detailed records to protect against potential chemical exposure.
2.6 Discuss the present NAAQS.
A National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) is the maximum level that will be
permitted for a given pollutant. There are two kinds of such standards: primary and
secondary. Primary standards are to be sufficiently stringent to protect the public health;
secondary standards must protect the public welfare. EPA sets these standards after it issues
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a criteria document and a control technology document on the pollutant in question. Both
the primary and secondary standards apply to all areas of the country.
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