BIOCHEM C785 EXAM PREP Q&A 2026
STUDY GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS.
◍ translation. Answer: the production of protein by the ribosome
using the sequence of mRNA as a template
◍ silent mutations. Answer: result in no change in the amino acid
sequence
◍ missense mutation. Answer: changes in a single base pair in a
codon such that the codon now encodes a difference amino acid
◍ nonsense mutation. Answer: changes in a base pair in a codon to a
STOP codon that terminates translation
◍ frameshift mutations. Answer: disrupts the coding of a protein
because there is either an insertion or deletion
◍ single damaged nucleotide repaired with. Answer: base excision
repair
◍ multiple damaged nucleotides. Answer: nucleotide excision repair
◍ mistakes in replication (mismatches). Answer: mismatch repair
,◍ DNA polymerase proofreading. Answer:
◍ double stranded breaks repair. Answer: homologous recombination
◍ nonhomologous end joining. Answer:
◍ how is red-green color blindness inherited. Answer: x-linked
recessive condition
◍ heat denatures what. Answer: hydrophobic interactions
◍ changes in pH denatures what. Answer: ionic and hydrogen bonds
◍ high salt concentrations denatures what. Answer: ionic and
hydrogen bonds
◍ reducing agents denatures what. Answer: disulfide bonds
◍ how many dna copies are created after the completion of 4 PCR
cycles. Answer: 16
◍ What is the function of DNA polymerase in PCR. Answer:
recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the
DNA sequence
,◍ What allows a gene to have an increased expression. Answer: more
space between the nucleosomes; in other words, they are not packed
too closely together
◍ what occurs during the process of alternative splicing of mRNA.
Answer: alternative combinations of eons within the same gene are
linked together by getting rid of introns
◍ what is recombination. Answer: repairing the damaged
chromosome/DNA with a homologous chromosome
◍ which force is most influential in determining the tertiary structure
of a protein. Answer: hydrophobic effect
◍ what process is disrupted after a pt ingests excessive antacid that
neutralizes the pH of a stomach. Answer: protein catabolism
◍ what is protein aggregation. Answer: a biological phenomenon in
which misfiled proteins aggregate --> implicated in diseases like ALS,
Alzheimers, Dementia, Parkinsons
◍ Which structural level shows the greatest difference when
comparing denatured proteins with the normal version of the protein.
Answer: tertiary structure
, ◍ which level of protein structure is established through the
dehydration synthesis of peptide bonds. Answer: primary structure is
held together by peptide bonds between the amino and carboxyl group
through dehydration synthesis
◍ how do the enzyme-catalyzed reactions differ from the uncatalyzed
reactions. Answer: they are 10^6-10^12 times faster
◍ what is an accurate description of the proton gradient formed
during aerobic metabolism. Answer: higher H+ in the intermembrane
space than in the matrix
◍ which complex polysaccharide acts as an energy-storing molecule
in the liver. Answer: glycogen
◍ what occurs during the biochemical process of glycation. Answer: a
covalent bond forms between sugar and a protein or lipid without the
action of an enzyme
◍ which cellular condition prompts the cell to perform fermentation
instead of the kreb's cycle. Answer: lack of oxygen
◍ what causes the symptoms of T2DM. Answer: there are not enough
GluT4 transporters on plasma membranes
◍ which metabolic pathway involves coenzyme A, NAD, FAD.
Answer: beta-oxidation
STUDY GUIDE SOLVED QUESTIONS.
◍ translation. Answer: the production of protein by the ribosome
using the sequence of mRNA as a template
◍ silent mutations. Answer: result in no change in the amino acid
sequence
◍ missense mutation. Answer: changes in a single base pair in a
codon such that the codon now encodes a difference amino acid
◍ nonsense mutation. Answer: changes in a base pair in a codon to a
STOP codon that terminates translation
◍ frameshift mutations. Answer: disrupts the coding of a protein
because there is either an insertion or deletion
◍ single damaged nucleotide repaired with. Answer: base excision
repair
◍ multiple damaged nucleotides. Answer: nucleotide excision repair
◍ mistakes in replication (mismatches). Answer: mismatch repair
,◍ DNA polymerase proofreading. Answer:
◍ double stranded breaks repair. Answer: homologous recombination
◍ nonhomologous end joining. Answer:
◍ how is red-green color blindness inherited. Answer: x-linked
recessive condition
◍ heat denatures what. Answer: hydrophobic interactions
◍ changes in pH denatures what. Answer: ionic and hydrogen bonds
◍ high salt concentrations denatures what. Answer: ionic and
hydrogen bonds
◍ reducing agents denatures what. Answer: disulfide bonds
◍ how many dna copies are created after the completion of 4 PCR
cycles. Answer: 16
◍ What is the function of DNA polymerase in PCR. Answer:
recognizes the primers and uses the available dNTPs to replicate the
DNA sequence
,◍ What allows a gene to have an increased expression. Answer: more
space between the nucleosomes; in other words, they are not packed
too closely together
◍ what occurs during the process of alternative splicing of mRNA.
Answer: alternative combinations of eons within the same gene are
linked together by getting rid of introns
◍ what is recombination. Answer: repairing the damaged
chromosome/DNA with a homologous chromosome
◍ which force is most influential in determining the tertiary structure
of a protein. Answer: hydrophobic effect
◍ what process is disrupted after a pt ingests excessive antacid that
neutralizes the pH of a stomach. Answer: protein catabolism
◍ what is protein aggregation. Answer: a biological phenomenon in
which misfiled proteins aggregate --> implicated in diseases like ALS,
Alzheimers, Dementia, Parkinsons
◍ Which structural level shows the greatest difference when
comparing denatured proteins with the normal version of the protein.
Answer: tertiary structure
, ◍ which level of protein structure is established through the
dehydration synthesis of peptide bonds. Answer: primary structure is
held together by peptide bonds between the amino and carboxyl group
through dehydration synthesis
◍ how do the enzyme-catalyzed reactions differ from the uncatalyzed
reactions. Answer: they are 10^6-10^12 times faster
◍ what is an accurate description of the proton gradient formed
during aerobic metabolism. Answer: higher H+ in the intermembrane
space than in the matrix
◍ which complex polysaccharide acts as an energy-storing molecule
in the liver. Answer: glycogen
◍ what occurs during the biochemical process of glycation. Answer: a
covalent bond forms between sugar and a protein or lipid without the
action of an enzyme
◍ which cellular condition prompts the cell to perform fermentation
instead of the kreb's cycle. Answer: lack of oxygen
◍ what causes the symptoms of T2DM. Answer: there are not enough
GluT4 transporters on plasma membranes
◍ which metabolic pathway involves coenzyme A, NAD, FAD.
Answer: beta-oxidation
