lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026
FIRST SEMISTER LECTURE
NOTES
,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Liver
Introduction Small intestine
The second messenger system of the body Skin
Heart
Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are
Adipose tissue
released into the blood
Placenta
Hormones control several major processes: Taken together, all endocrine glands and hormone
Reproduction secreting cells constitute the endocrine system.
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
HORMONE
is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the
body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the
body.
EXOCRINE GLANDS:
Secrete their products into ducts that
carry the secretions into body cavities, into the
lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the
body.
SECRETES (RELEASE):
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Milk
Chemical Classes of Hormones
digestive juices
ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
Secrete their products (hormones) into the
STEROID HORMONES
interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells
rather than into ducts. derived from cholesterol.
The endocrine glands include the Each steroid hormone is unique due to the
presence of different chemical groups attached at
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands .
various sites on four rings at the core of its
In addition, several organs and tissues are not exclusively
structure.
classified as endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete
hormones. THYROID HORMONES
Hypothalamus (T3 and T4 ) are synthesized by attaching iodine to the
Thymus amino acid tyrosine.
Pancreas THE GAS NITRIC OXIDE
Ovaries is both a hormone and neurotransmitter.
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
AMINE HORMONES HISTAMINE
synthesized from the amino acids such as synthesized from the amino acid histidine by mast cells
tryptophan or tyrosine. and platelets.
CATHECOLAMINES SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN derived from
such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are tryptophan.
synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus controls the TSH secretion.
Release of TRH in turn depends on the blood levels
of T3 and T4, high levels inhibit the secretion of
TRH via negative feedback.
GONADOTROPS
several hormones that control other secretes two (2) gonadotropins:
endocrine glands. Pea-shaped Follicle-stimulating hormone
1-1.5 cm in diameter Luteinizing hormone.
Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize at least nine In females, the ovaries are the target of FSH.
different hormones, and the pituitary gland FSH- stimulates follicle development in ovaries in
secretes seven. females and stimulates sperm development in
Together, these hormones play important roles in testes in males
regulating virtually all aspects of growth, LH- Triggers ovulation in females, Causes ruptured
development, metabolism, and homeostasis. follicle to become the corpus luteum
2 PORTIONS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Stimulates testosterone production in males
Anterior Pituitary Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
Posterior Pituitary (ICSH)
LACTOTROPHS
secrete prolactin (PRL), which initiates milk
Aka adenohypophysis
production in the mammary glands.
Secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of
bodily activities, from growth to reproduction.
The release of anterior pituitary hormones is CORTICOTROPHS
stimulated by releasing hormones and suppressed secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. also known as corticotropin.
Which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
TYPES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELLS
glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
AND THEIR HORMONES: Some corticotrophs, remnants of the pars
SOMATOTROPHS intermedia, also secrete melanocyte-stimulating
secretes Human Growth Hormone (aka hormone (MSH)
somatotropin).
Human growth hormone
general metabolic hormone
Major effects are directed to the growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones.
Causes amino acids to be built into proteins.
Causes fats to be broken down for a source of
energy.
THYROTROPHS
secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (aka
thyrotropin).
TSH stimulates the synthesis of the secretion of
two (2) thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4), produced by the thyroid gland.
HUMAN ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2026
FIRST SEMISTER LECTURE
NOTES
,
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Liver
Introduction Small intestine
The second messenger system of the body Skin
Heart
Uses chemical messages (hormones) that are
Adipose tissue
released into the blood
Placenta
Hormones control several major processes: Taken together, all endocrine glands and hormone
Reproduction secreting cells constitute the endocrine system.
Growth and development
Mobilization of body defenses
Maintenance of much of homeostasis
Regulation of metabolism
HORMONE
is a mediator molecule that is released in one part of the
body but regulates the activity of cells in other parts of the
body.
EXOCRINE GLANDS:
Secrete their products into ducts that
carry the secretions into body cavities, into the
lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the
body.
SECRETES (RELEASE):
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Milk
Chemical Classes of Hormones
digestive juices
ENDOCRINE GLANDS:
Secrete their products (hormones) into the
STEROID HORMONES
interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells
rather than into ducts. derived from cholesterol.
The endocrine glands include the Each steroid hormone is unique due to the
presence of different chemical groups attached at
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands .
various sites on four rings at the core of its
In addition, several organs and tissues are not exclusively
structure.
classified as endocrine glands but contain cells that secrete
hormones. THYROID HORMONES
Hypothalamus (T3 and T4 ) are synthesized by attaching iodine to the
Thymus amino acid tyrosine.
Pancreas THE GAS NITRIC OXIDE
Ovaries is both a hormone and neurotransmitter.
Testes
Kidneys
Stomach
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
AMINE HORMONES HISTAMINE
synthesized from the amino acids such as synthesized from the amino acid histidine by mast cells
tryptophan or tyrosine. and platelets.
CATHECOLAMINES SEROTONIN AND MELATONIN derived from
such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are tryptophan.
synthesized by modifying the amino acid tyrosine.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
, lOMoAR cPSD| 57819357
HUMAN ANATOMY& PHYSIOLOGY WITH
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE/ FIRST SEMESTER
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the
hypothalamus controls the TSH secretion.
Release of TRH in turn depends on the blood levels
of T3 and T4, high levels inhibit the secretion of
TRH via negative feedback.
GONADOTROPS
several hormones that control other secretes two (2) gonadotropins:
endocrine glands. Pea-shaped Follicle-stimulating hormone
1-1.5 cm in diameter Luteinizing hormone.
Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize at least nine In females, the ovaries are the target of FSH.
different hormones, and the pituitary gland FSH- stimulates follicle development in ovaries in
secretes seven. females and stimulates sperm development in
Together, these hormones play important roles in testes in males
regulating virtually all aspects of growth, LH- Triggers ovulation in females, Causes ruptured
development, metabolism, and homeostasis. follicle to become the corpus luteum
2 PORTIONS OF THE PITUITARY GLAND Stimulates testosterone production in males
Anterior Pituitary Referred to as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
Posterior Pituitary (ICSH)
LACTOTROPHS
secrete prolactin (PRL), which initiates milk
Aka adenohypophysis
production in the mammary glands.
Secretes hormones that regulate a wide range of
bodily activities, from growth to reproduction.
The release of anterior pituitary hormones is CORTICOTROPHS
stimulated by releasing hormones and suppressed secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus. also known as corticotropin.
Which stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete
TYPES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELLS
glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
AND THEIR HORMONES: Some corticotrophs, remnants of the pars
SOMATOTROPHS intermedia, also secrete melanocyte-stimulating
secretes Human Growth Hormone (aka hormone (MSH)
somatotropin).
Human growth hormone
general metabolic hormone
Major effects are directed to the growth of
skeletal muscles and long bones.
Causes amino acids to be built into proteins.
Causes fats to be broken down for a source of
energy.
THYROTROPHS
secretes Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (aka
thyrotropin).
TSH stimulates the synthesis of the secretion of
two (2) thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4), produced by the thyroid gland.
