FAD 3220 PRACTICE TIPS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔Piaget.
Between 7 and 12 years old.
Characterized by active and appropriate use of logic. The shift from preoperational to
concrete operational thought does not happen overnight.
✔✔Decentering (Concrete Operational Stage) - ✔✔The ability to consider multiple
aspects/perspectives of a situation at once.
✔✔Reversibility (Concrete Operational Stage) - ✔✔Understanding that actions can be
undone. For example, a rope of clay can be reverted back to a ball of clay.
✔✔Metamemory - ✔✔Understanding the processes that underlie memory. Improves
during the school-age years. Helps children use control strategies, which are conscious,
intentional tactics to improve functioning.
✔✔Vygotsky's Approach - ✔✔Cognitive advances occur through exposure to
information within the Zone of Proximal Development.
✔✔Zone of Proximal Development - ✔✔Difference between what a child can do alone
vs. with help from a skilled partner. Influential in the development of classroom
practices. Cooperative learning and reciprocal teaching.
✔✔Stages of Reading - ✔✔0: Learn the prerequisites to reading. Letter identification,
recognition of familiar words, or even writing their name Birth to 1st grade.
1: Phonological reading skills. 1st and 2nd grade.
2: Fluency without much meaning attached. 2nd and 3rd grade.
3: Means to end reading. Understanding gained from reading is not complete. 4th to 8th
grade.
4: Ability to read and process information with multiple points of view. Begins during
transition to high school.
✔✔Intelligence - ✔✔The capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use
resources effectively when faced with challenges.
✔✔Fluid Intelligence - ✔✔Ability to solve new problems and think abstractly.
✔✔Crystallized Intelligence - ✔✔The accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired
through experience.
✔✔Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg) - ✔✔Analytical/Componential: problem
solving and critical thinking skills.
, Creative/Experimental: Ability to generate new ideas and solutions, adapting to new
situations.
Practical/Contextual: Capacity to apply knowledge and skills effectively in real-world
contexts.
✔✔Mainstreaming - ✔✔Including children with disabilities in regular classrooms with
support. They are integrated as much as possible and provided with a broad range of
alternatives.
✔✔Middle Childhood - ✔✔6 to 12 years old.
Efforts to obtain competence in meeting challenges related to parents, peers, school,
and other complexities of the modern world.
✔✔Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - ✔✔Industry: Feelings of mastery and proficiency
and a growing sense of competence.
Inferiority: Feelings of failure and inadequacy.
✔✔Self Esteem - ✔✔An individual's overall and specific self-evaluation. They compare
themselves to others and develop their own standard. Becomes more realistic in middle
childhood.
✔✔Breaking the Cycle of Failure - ✔✔Helping children with low self-esteem succeed by
using positive expectations and assisting them in achieving small successes.
✔✔Moral Development (Kohlberg) - ✔✔Uses moral dilemmas to assess moral
reasoning.
✔✔Preconventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 1 & 2.
People follow unvarying rules based on rewards and punishments.
✔✔Conventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 3 & 4.
People approach problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members
of society.
✔✔Postconventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 5 & 6.
Universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society.
✔✔Friendship - ✔✔- Stage 1 (4-7 years): Children see friends as like themselves, as
people to share toys and activities with. Do not take personal traits into account.
- Stage 2 (8-10 years): Children begin to take other's personal qualities and traits into
consideration. Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide. Based on
mutual trust.
- Stage 3 (11-15 years): Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty. Involve
mutual disclosure and exclusivity.
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Concrete Operational Stage - ✔✔Piaget.
Between 7 and 12 years old.
Characterized by active and appropriate use of logic. The shift from preoperational to
concrete operational thought does not happen overnight.
✔✔Decentering (Concrete Operational Stage) - ✔✔The ability to consider multiple
aspects/perspectives of a situation at once.
✔✔Reversibility (Concrete Operational Stage) - ✔✔Understanding that actions can be
undone. For example, a rope of clay can be reverted back to a ball of clay.
✔✔Metamemory - ✔✔Understanding the processes that underlie memory. Improves
during the school-age years. Helps children use control strategies, which are conscious,
intentional tactics to improve functioning.
✔✔Vygotsky's Approach - ✔✔Cognitive advances occur through exposure to
information within the Zone of Proximal Development.
✔✔Zone of Proximal Development - ✔✔Difference between what a child can do alone
vs. with help from a skilled partner. Influential in the development of classroom
practices. Cooperative learning and reciprocal teaching.
✔✔Stages of Reading - ✔✔0: Learn the prerequisites to reading. Letter identification,
recognition of familiar words, or even writing their name Birth to 1st grade.
1: Phonological reading skills. 1st and 2nd grade.
2: Fluency without much meaning attached. 2nd and 3rd grade.
3: Means to end reading. Understanding gained from reading is not complete. 4th to 8th
grade.
4: Ability to read and process information with multiple points of view. Begins during
transition to high school.
✔✔Intelligence - ✔✔The capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use
resources effectively when faced with challenges.
✔✔Fluid Intelligence - ✔✔Ability to solve new problems and think abstractly.
✔✔Crystallized Intelligence - ✔✔The accumulation of knowledge and skills acquired
through experience.
✔✔Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (Sternberg) - ✔✔Analytical/Componential: problem
solving and critical thinking skills.
, Creative/Experimental: Ability to generate new ideas and solutions, adapting to new
situations.
Practical/Contextual: Capacity to apply knowledge and skills effectively in real-world
contexts.
✔✔Mainstreaming - ✔✔Including children with disabilities in regular classrooms with
support. They are integrated as much as possible and provided with a broad range of
alternatives.
✔✔Middle Childhood - ✔✔6 to 12 years old.
Efforts to obtain competence in meeting challenges related to parents, peers, school,
and other complexities of the modern world.
✔✔Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson) - ✔✔Industry: Feelings of mastery and proficiency
and a growing sense of competence.
Inferiority: Feelings of failure and inadequacy.
✔✔Self Esteem - ✔✔An individual's overall and specific self-evaluation. They compare
themselves to others and develop their own standard. Becomes more realistic in middle
childhood.
✔✔Breaking the Cycle of Failure - ✔✔Helping children with low self-esteem succeed by
using positive expectations and assisting them in achieving small successes.
✔✔Moral Development (Kohlberg) - ✔✔Uses moral dilemmas to assess moral
reasoning.
✔✔Preconventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 1 & 2.
People follow unvarying rules based on rewards and punishments.
✔✔Conventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 3 & 4.
People approach problems in terms of their own position as good, responsible members
of society.
✔✔Postconventional Morality - ✔✔Stages 5 & 6.
Universal moral principles are invoked and considered broader than a particular society.
✔✔Friendship - ✔✔- Stage 1 (4-7 years): Children see friends as like themselves, as
people to share toys and activities with. Do not take personal traits into account.
- Stage 2 (8-10 years): Children begin to take other's personal qualities and traits into
consideration. Friends are viewed in terms of kinds of rewards they provide. Based on
mutual trust.
- Stage 3 (11-15 years): Friendships become based on intimacy and loyalty. Involve
mutual disclosure and exclusivity.
