,Inhoud
Introductie....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Exameninformatie.......................................................................................................................................................7
1. Media en maatschappij................................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Mediasociologie: disciplinaire positionering.........................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Een blinde vlek in de communicatie wetenschappen?....................................................................................8
1.3 Mediasociologie: relatie tussen media en maatschappij.........................................................................................9
1.3.1 Media als vormende kracht.............................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Media als afspiegeling..................................................................................................................................10
1.3.3 Media als representatie.................................................................................................................................10
1.4 Model Hodkinson................................................................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Vier componenten van media in maatschappelijke context...........................................................................10
1.5 Media in sociaal-culturele context.......................................................................................................................11
1.6 Sociologische theorie en analyse.........................................................................................................................11
1.6.1 Waar is de rol van media?.............................................................................................................................11
1.7 Sociologie: processen van modernisering............................................................................................................11
1.7.1 Industrialisering............................................................................................................................................12
1.7.2 Urbanisering.................................................................................................................................................12
1.7.3 Bureaucratisering..........................................................................................................................................12
1.7.4 Kapitalisme...................................................................................................................................................12
1.7.5 Consumentisme............................................................................................................................................12
1.7.6 Globalisering................................................................................................................................................12
1.8 Media(tisering) – een blinde vlek in de sociologie..............................................................................................12
1.9 Media: naar semi-zelfstandige instituties (Hjarvard)...........................................................................................12
1.10 Mediatisering als omvattend sociologisch proces (Hjarvard).............................................................................13
1.11 Herhaling:..........................................................................................................................................................14
1.12 Leesmateriaal.....................................................................................................................................................15
1.12.1 Summary of "Mediatization: A Grand Concept or Contemporary Approach?"...........................................15
1.12.2 Hodkinson (2017): Introduction..................................................................................................................16
2. Media-technologie.....................................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Bredere sociologische context: Max weber: modernisering, rationalisering en technologie................................18
2.1.1 Gestolde doelrationaliteit..............................................................................................................................18
2.1.2 Specifieker:...................................................................................................................................................18
2.1.3 Evolutie media-technologie (Croteau)..........................................................................................................19
2.2 Media-technologie in de 21ste eeuw: evolutie of revolutie?..................................................................................19
2.2.1 21ste eeuw: de revolutie v digitalisering en de opkomst van “nieuwe” media-technologie............................19
2.3 Kenmerken van digitalisering media & maatschappelijke implicaties.................................................................19
, 2.3.1 Kenmerk 1: Media Convergentie (Hodkinson).............................................................................................19
2.3.2 Kenmerk 2: media mobiliteit (Hodkinson)...................................................................................................20
2.3.3 Kenmerk 3: diversificatie en interactiviteit (Hodkinson)..............................................................................20
2.3.4 Kenmerk 4: non-lineariteit............................................................................................................................20
2.3.5 Kenmerk 5: connectiviteit.............................................................................................................................21
2.3.6 Kenmerk 6: virtualiteit..................................................................................................................................21
2.4 Tussenbeschouwing media-technologie...............................................................................................................22
2.4.1 Benadering 1: media-technologie als vormende kracht.................................................................................22
2.4.2 benadering 2: Media-technolopgie amls afspiegeling van maatschappij.......................................................24
2.4.3 Benadering 3: Wederkerige relatie tussen media-technologie en maatschappij.............................................25
2.5 Samenvatting hoofdstuk: benadering media-technologie.....................................................................................25
2.6 Video: AI and the future of humanity | Yuval Noah Harari at the Frontiers Forum..............................................26
2.7 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................29
2.7.1 Croteau et al. (2022): The Evolution of Media Technology..........................................................................29
2.7.2 Hodkinson (2017): Media Technologies.......................................................................................................31
3. Media-industrie 1: Politieke economie......................................................................................................................33
3.1 De macht van media-industrie.............................................................................................................................33
3.1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................33
3.2 Macht-industrie – de kritische erfenis van Karl Marx..........................................................................................33
3.2.1 Het communistisch Manifest (1848).............................................................................................................33
3.2.2 Sociale wetenschappen 20ste eeuw.................................................................................................................34
3.3 The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception (Horkheimer & Adorno)...............................................34
3.3.1 De commodificatie van cultuur (Karl Marx).................................................................................................34
3.3.2 De standaardisering van cultuur ( Max Weber).............................................................................................34
3.3 Internet en sociale media: Cultuurindustrie 2.0....................................................................................................35
3.3.1 Optimistische discours..................................................................................................................................35
3.3.2 De oligarchie van Big Tech: verklaringen en strategieën..............................................................................36
3.4. Video: Zo steelt en verkoopt Big Tech jouw gegevens (Prof. Zuboff)................................................................38
3.5 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................40
3.5.1 Croteau et al. (2022): Globalization and the future media............................................................................40
3.5.2 Hodkinson (2017): Media industry...............................................................................................................42
4. Media-industrie 2: Ideologie......................................................................................................................................44
4.1 Media-industrie – de kritische erfenis van Karl Marx..........................................................................................44
4.2 Wat is ideologie?..................................................................................................................................................44
4.2.1 Klassiek Marxistisch concept........................................................................................................................44
4.2.2 Neo-marxisten: Louis Althusser en Antonio Gramsci...................................................................................44
4.3 Media: de verspreiding van ideologie en reproductie van ongelijkheid...............................................................45
4.3.1 Media en ideologische consensus:................................................................................................................45
, 4.4 Media-industrie en ideologie...............................................................................................................................45
4.5 Media-industrie en gender representatie..............................................................................................................45
4.5.1 De Bechdel test (1985) – representatie van vrouwen in film........................................................................46
4.5.2 Laura Mulvey (1975) – “The male gaze” in film..........................................................................................46
4.5.3 The ‘male gaze’ in games..............................................................................................................................47
4.5.4 The ‘male gaze’ in reclame...........................................................................................................................47
4.6 Media: ideologische strijd en diversiteit..............................................................................................................47
4.6.1 “Diversifying representations” (Hodkinson, 2017)......................................................................................47
4.7 Ideologische strijd en diversiteit: Reclame..........................................................................................................48
4.8 Video: Damsel in Distress: Part 1 - Tropes vs Women in Video Games...............................................................49
4.9 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................51
4.9.1 Croteau et al. (2022): Media and ideology....................................................................................................51
4.9.2 Croteau et al. (2022): Movies, military and masculinity...............................................................................53
4.9.3 Hodkinson (2017): media, gender and sexuality...........................................................................................55
5. Media-inhoud: Tekst en narratief...............................................................................................................................58
5.1 Model Hodkinson: 4 componenten van media in maatschappelijke context........................................................58
5.2 Media-inhoud: relatie tussen media en maatschappij - Perspectief in deze cursus:..............................................58
5.3 Media-tekst: een sociale constructie....................................................................................................................58
5.3.1 Het filosofisch perspectief............................................................................................................................58
5.3.2 Sociaal constructivisme: waarheid wordt niet ‘gevonden’ maar ‘gemaakt’...................................................59
................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
5.4 Analyse Media-tekst............................................................................................................................................60
5.4.1 Benadering 1: Semiotiek...............................................................................................................................60
5.4.2 Benadering 2: narratieve analyse..................................................................................................................62
5.4.3 Benadering 3: discours analyse.....................................................................................................................62
5.4.4 Benadering 4: Media als inhoud: inhoudsanalyse.........................................................................................63
5.5 Conclusie en samenvatting..................................................................................................................................64
5.6 Leesmateriaal:......................................................................................................................................................65
5.6.1 Hodkinson (2017): Media content................................................................................................................65
6. Media en publiek 1: betekenisgeving........................................................................................................................68
6.1 Model Hodkinson: 4 componenten van media in maatschappelijke context........................................................68
6.2 Communicatiewetenschappelijk onderzoek publiek............................................................................................68
6.3 Effectstudies: een passief publiek........................................................................................................................69
6.3.1 Maatschappelijke context:............................................................................................................................69
6.3.2 Massamedium film.......................................................................................................................................69
6.3.3 Einde WOII – empirisch onderzoek effecten van propaganda......................................................................69
6.3.4 1950s: bijstelling en differentiatie van communicatietheorieën over effecten...............................................70
6.4 Gewelddadige games: media-effect of betekenis?...............................................................................................70
Introductie....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Exameninformatie.......................................................................................................................................................7
1. Media en maatschappij................................................................................................................................................8
1.1 Inleiding................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2 Mediasociologie: disciplinaire positionering.........................................................................................................8
1.2.1 Een blinde vlek in de communicatie wetenschappen?....................................................................................8
1.3 Mediasociologie: relatie tussen media en maatschappij.........................................................................................9
1.3.1 Media als vormende kracht.............................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Media als afspiegeling..................................................................................................................................10
1.3.3 Media als representatie.................................................................................................................................10
1.4 Model Hodkinson................................................................................................................................................10
1.4.1 Vier componenten van media in maatschappelijke context...........................................................................10
1.5 Media in sociaal-culturele context.......................................................................................................................11
1.6 Sociologische theorie en analyse.........................................................................................................................11
1.6.1 Waar is de rol van media?.............................................................................................................................11
1.7 Sociologie: processen van modernisering............................................................................................................11
1.7.1 Industrialisering............................................................................................................................................12
1.7.2 Urbanisering.................................................................................................................................................12
1.7.3 Bureaucratisering..........................................................................................................................................12
1.7.4 Kapitalisme...................................................................................................................................................12
1.7.5 Consumentisme............................................................................................................................................12
1.7.6 Globalisering................................................................................................................................................12
1.8 Media(tisering) – een blinde vlek in de sociologie..............................................................................................12
1.9 Media: naar semi-zelfstandige instituties (Hjarvard)...........................................................................................12
1.10 Mediatisering als omvattend sociologisch proces (Hjarvard).............................................................................13
1.11 Herhaling:..........................................................................................................................................................14
1.12 Leesmateriaal.....................................................................................................................................................15
1.12.1 Summary of "Mediatization: A Grand Concept or Contemporary Approach?"...........................................15
1.12.2 Hodkinson (2017): Introduction..................................................................................................................16
2. Media-technologie.....................................................................................................................................................18
2.1 Bredere sociologische context: Max weber: modernisering, rationalisering en technologie................................18
2.1.1 Gestolde doelrationaliteit..............................................................................................................................18
2.1.2 Specifieker:...................................................................................................................................................18
2.1.3 Evolutie media-technologie (Croteau)..........................................................................................................19
2.2 Media-technologie in de 21ste eeuw: evolutie of revolutie?..................................................................................19
2.2.1 21ste eeuw: de revolutie v digitalisering en de opkomst van “nieuwe” media-technologie............................19
2.3 Kenmerken van digitalisering media & maatschappelijke implicaties.................................................................19
, 2.3.1 Kenmerk 1: Media Convergentie (Hodkinson).............................................................................................19
2.3.2 Kenmerk 2: media mobiliteit (Hodkinson)...................................................................................................20
2.3.3 Kenmerk 3: diversificatie en interactiviteit (Hodkinson)..............................................................................20
2.3.4 Kenmerk 4: non-lineariteit............................................................................................................................20
2.3.5 Kenmerk 5: connectiviteit.............................................................................................................................21
2.3.6 Kenmerk 6: virtualiteit..................................................................................................................................21
2.4 Tussenbeschouwing media-technologie...............................................................................................................22
2.4.1 Benadering 1: media-technologie als vormende kracht.................................................................................22
2.4.2 benadering 2: Media-technolopgie amls afspiegeling van maatschappij.......................................................24
2.4.3 Benadering 3: Wederkerige relatie tussen media-technologie en maatschappij.............................................25
2.5 Samenvatting hoofdstuk: benadering media-technologie.....................................................................................25
2.6 Video: AI and the future of humanity | Yuval Noah Harari at the Frontiers Forum..............................................26
2.7 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................29
2.7.1 Croteau et al. (2022): The Evolution of Media Technology..........................................................................29
2.7.2 Hodkinson (2017): Media Technologies.......................................................................................................31
3. Media-industrie 1: Politieke economie......................................................................................................................33
3.1 De macht van media-industrie.............................................................................................................................33
3.1.1 Inleiding........................................................................................................................................................33
3.2 Macht-industrie – de kritische erfenis van Karl Marx..........................................................................................33
3.2.1 Het communistisch Manifest (1848).............................................................................................................33
3.2.2 Sociale wetenschappen 20ste eeuw.................................................................................................................34
3.3 The culture industry: Enlightenment as mass deception (Horkheimer & Adorno)...............................................34
3.3.1 De commodificatie van cultuur (Karl Marx).................................................................................................34
3.3.2 De standaardisering van cultuur ( Max Weber).............................................................................................34
3.3 Internet en sociale media: Cultuurindustrie 2.0....................................................................................................35
3.3.1 Optimistische discours..................................................................................................................................35
3.3.2 De oligarchie van Big Tech: verklaringen en strategieën..............................................................................36
3.4. Video: Zo steelt en verkoopt Big Tech jouw gegevens (Prof. Zuboff)................................................................38
3.5 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................40
3.5.1 Croteau et al. (2022): Globalization and the future media............................................................................40
3.5.2 Hodkinson (2017): Media industry...............................................................................................................42
4. Media-industrie 2: Ideologie......................................................................................................................................44
4.1 Media-industrie – de kritische erfenis van Karl Marx..........................................................................................44
4.2 Wat is ideologie?..................................................................................................................................................44
4.2.1 Klassiek Marxistisch concept........................................................................................................................44
4.2.2 Neo-marxisten: Louis Althusser en Antonio Gramsci...................................................................................44
4.3 Media: de verspreiding van ideologie en reproductie van ongelijkheid...............................................................45
4.3.1 Media en ideologische consensus:................................................................................................................45
, 4.4 Media-industrie en ideologie...............................................................................................................................45
4.5 Media-industrie en gender representatie..............................................................................................................45
4.5.1 De Bechdel test (1985) – representatie van vrouwen in film........................................................................46
4.5.2 Laura Mulvey (1975) – “The male gaze” in film..........................................................................................46
4.5.3 The ‘male gaze’ in games..............................................................................................................................47
4.5.4 The ‘male gaze’ in reclame...........................................................................................................................47
4.6 Media: ideologische strijd en diversiteit..............................................................................................................47
4.6.1 “Diversifying representations” (Hodkinson, 2017)......................................................................................47
4.7 Ideologische strijd en diversiteit: Reclame..........................................................................................................48
4.8 Video: Damsel in Distress: Part 1 - Tropes vs Women in Video Games...............................................................49
4.9 Leesmateriaal.......................................................................................................................................................51
4.9.1 Croteau et al. (2022): Media and ideology....................................................................................................51
4.9.2 Croteau et al. (2022): Movies, military and masculinity...............................................................................53
4.9.3 Hodkinson (2017): media, gender and sexuality...........................................................................................55
5. Media-inhoud: Tekst en narratief...............................................................................................................................58
5.1 Model Hodkinson: 4 componenten van media in maatschappelijke context........................................................58
5.2 Media-inhoud: relatie tussen media en maatschappij - Perspectief in deze cursus:..............................................58
5.3 Media-tekst: een sociale constructie....................................................................................................................58
5.3.1 Het filosofisch perspectief............................................................................................................................58
5.3.2 Sociaal constructivisme: waarheid wordt niet ‘gevonden’ maar ‘gemaakt’...................................................59
................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
5.4 Analyse Media-tekst............................................................................................................................................60
5.4.1 Benadering 1: Semiotiek...............................................................................................................................60
5.4.2 Benadering 2: narratieve analyse..................................................................................................................62
5.4.3 Benadering 3: discours analyse.....................................................................................................................62
5.4.4 Benadering 4: Media als inhoud: inhoudsanalyse.........................................................................................63
5.5 Conclusie en samenvatting..................................................................................................................................64
5.6 Leesmateriaal:......................................................................................................................................................65
5.6.1 Hodkinson (2017): Media content................................................................................................................65
6. Media en publiek 1: betekenisgeving........................................................................................................................68
6.1 Model Hodkinson: 4 componenten van media in maatschappelijke context........................................................68
6.2 Communicatiewetenschappelijk onderzoek publiek............................................................................................68
6.3 Effectstudies: een passief publiek........................................................................................................................69
6.3.1 Maatschappelijke context:............................................................................................................................69
6.3.2 Massamedium film.......................................................................................................................................69
6.3.3 Einde WOII – empirisch onderzoek effecten van propaganda......................................................................69
6.3.4 1950s: bijstelling en differentiatie van communicatietheorieën over effecten...............................................70
6.4 Gewelddadige games: media-effect of betekenis?...............................................................................................70
