A&P 1 101 MODULE 3 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM EXAM
2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ What processes are involved in digestion? Answer: Ingestion,
propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption,
and defecation.
◉ What roles do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play in
digestion? Answer: They produce bile and digestive enzymes, and
regulate metabolism.
◉ How do the three macronutrients differ in digestion? Answer:
Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are digested through different
enzymatic processes and yield different energy amounts.
◉ What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?
Answer: Anabolic reactions build molecules, while catabolic
reactions break them down.
◉ What is the metabolic rate? Answer: The amount of energy an
animal converts to heat per day.
, ◉ How is energy content in food measured? Answer: By the amount
of heat produced when burned in oxygen, measured in calories or
kilocalories.
◉ What is the energy content of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?
Answer: Lipids: 9.4 kcal/g, Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g, Proteins: 4.5
kcal/g.
◉ What is ketogenesis? Answer: The process where excess acetyl
CoA is converted into ketone bodies for energy during low glucose
levels.
◉ What is lipogenesis? Answer: The conversion of excess acetyl CoA
into fatty acids and triglycerides when glucose levels are high.
◉ What are essential nutrients? Answer: Nutrients that must be
obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.
◉ What are essential amino acids? Answer: Amino acids that cannot
be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food.
◉ What is the role of vitamins in the diet? Answer: Vitamins are
essential nutrients needed in small amounts for various bodily
functions.
2026 COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE
◉ What processes are involved in digestion? Answer: Ingestion,
propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption,
and defecation.
◉ What roles do the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder play in
digestion? Answer: They produce bile and digestive enzymes, and
regulate metabolism.
◉ How do the three macronutrients differ in digestion? Answer:
Lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are digested through different
enzymatic processes and yield different energy amounts.
◉ What is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions?
Answer: Anabolic reactions build molecules, while catabolic
reactions break them down.
◉ What is the metabolic rate? Answer: The amount of energy an
animal converts to heat per day.
, ◉ How is energy content in food measured? Answer: By the amount
of heat produced when burned in oxygen, measured in calories or
kilocalories.
◉ What is the energy content of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins?
Answer: Lipids: 9.4 kcal/g, Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g, Proteins: 4.5
kcal/g.
◉ What is ketogenesis? Answer: The process where excess acetyl
CoA is converted into ketone bodies for energy during low glucose
levels.
◉ What is lipogenesis? Answer: The conversion of excess acetyl CoA
into fatty acids and triglycerides when glucose levels are high.
◉ What are essential nutrients? Answer: Nutrients that must be
obtained from the diet because the body cannot synthesize them.
◉ What are essential amino acids? Answer: Amino acids that cannot
be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from food.
◉ What is the role of vitamins in the diet? Answer: Vitamins are
essential nutrients needed in small amounts for various bodily
functions.
