POB Test 2 Shadwick Exam Questions and Answers
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) - -Study the detailed external architecture of cell
surfaces - black and white pictures
-Transition electron microscopes (TEMs) - -Study the details of internal cell structure
-Structures all cells have in common - -Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes, DNA, Cytoplasm
-Plasma Membrane - -"Boundary and Gatekeeper"
-Lysosome - -Contains enzymes to digest good or damaged organelles
-Plant and animal cells both have what structure? - -a mitochondria
-Cytoskeleton - -Network of protein fibers that organizes the structures and activities of
the cell
-Actin Filaments - -two long thin chains twisted I helix that provides structure as a dense
web under plasma membrane, PROVIDES MOVEMENT FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and
form projections in intestinal cells as microvilli.
-Intermediate Filaments - -Supports nuclear envelope, strengthens human hair, and helps
form cell-to-cell junctions.
-Microtubules - -Hollow cylinders of tubular protein that helps maintain cell shape, form
spindle apparatus during cell division, and interacts with motor molecules kinesis and dyne
to cause movement of organelles
-Cilia and Flagella - -Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement
-Endosymbiotic Theory - -Mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from prokaryotes that
were taken up by a larger cell. After entering the host cell, the bacteria and host began
living together cooperatively
-Diabetes - -High blood sugar (glucose) levels over a long period. Symptoms: frequent
urination, increased thirst, higher hunger.
-How does Glucose get to the membrane of an intestine cell? - -Diffusion
-Osmosis - -diffusion of water across membrane
-Whats the problem with having too much glucose in your blood? - -Osmosis and osmotic
pressure
, -Animal cells - -iv drip has to be saline or else the red blood cells will explode
-Plant cells - -can have direct water because cell wall absorbs it
-Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic - -types of osmosis
-Channel Proteins - -Allow certain molecules through
-Aquaporins - -Specialized for water
-Which type of membrane protein is insulin most likely to interact with? - -Receptor
-Carrier, Cell Recognition, Receptor, Enzymatic - -Types of proteins
-Carrier Proteins - -Combine with molecule or ion and change shape to be transported
across membrane
-In Type 1 diabetes, insulin producing beta cells are attacked by their own immune system.
Which type of membrane protein is most likely to be involved? - -Cell Recognition
-Active Transport - -Energy and Carrier Proteins ARE required. Molecules or ions combine
with carrier proteins (aka. pumps) and molecules move against the concentration gradient.
-Sodium-Potassium Pump - -Take up 3 NA+ and changes shape to release 2 K+ inside cell
-Exocytosis/Endocytosis - -
-Phagocytosis - -Large particulate matter
-Pinocytosis - -liquids and small particles dissolve in liquid
-Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - -A type of pinocytosis that involves a coated pit
-Two Laws of Thermodynamics - -1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be
changed from one form to another
2. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usage energy
-Entropy - -Relative amount of disorganization (ex. room organization - less organized,
less entropy)
-Glucose Entropy - -More organized, more potential energy, less stable
-Carbon Dioxide and Water Entropy - -Less organized, less potential energy, more stable
-Metabolism - -Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) - -Study the detailed external architecture of cell
surfaces - black and white pictures
-Transition electron microscopes (TEMs) - -Study the details of internal cell structure
-Structures all cells have in common - -Plasma Membrane, Ribosomes, DNA, Cytoplasm
-Plasma Membrane - -"Boundary and Gatekeeper"
-Lysosome - -Contains enzymes to digest good or damaged organelles
-Plant and animal cells both have what structure? - -a mitochondria
-Cytoskeleton - -Network of protein fibers that organizes the structures and activities of
the cell
-Actin Filaments - -two long thin chains twisted I helix that provides structure as a dense
web under plasma membrane, PROVIDES MOVEMENT FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTION, and
form projections in intestinal cells as microvilli.
-Intermediate Filaments - -Supports nuclear envelope, strengthens human hair, and helps
form cell-to-cell junctions.
-Microtubules - -Hollow cylinders of tubular protein that helps maintain cell shape, form
spindle apparatus during cell division, and interacts with motor molecules kinesis and dyne
to cause movement of organelles
-Cilia and Flagella - -Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement
-Endosymbiotic Theory - -Mitochondria and chloroplasts derived from prokaryotes that
were taken up by a larger cell. After entering the host cell, the bacteria and host began
living together cooperatively
-Diabetes - -High blood sugar (glucose) levels over a long period. Symptoms: frequent
urination, increased thirst, higher hunger.
-How does Glucose get to the membrane of an intestine cell? - -Diffusion
-Osmosis - -diffusion of water across membrane
-Whats the problem with having too much glucose in your blood? - -Osmosis and osmotic
pressure
, -Animal cells - -iv drip has to be saline or else the red blood cells will explode
-Plant cells - -can have direct water because cell wall absorbs it
-Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic - -types of osmosis
-Channel Proteins - -Allow certain molecules through
-Aquaporins - -Specialized for water
-Which type of membrane protein is insulin most likely to interact with? - -Receptor
-Carrier, Cell Recognition, Receptor, Enzymatic - -Types of proteins
-Carrier Proteins - -Combine with molecule or ion and change shape to be transported
across membrane
-In Type 1 diabetes, insulin producing beta cells are attacked by their own immune system.
Which type of membrane protein is most likely to be involved? - -Cell Recognition
-Active Transport - -Energy and Carrier Proteins ARE required. Molecules or ions combine
with carrier proteins (aka. pumps) and molecules move against the concentration gradient.
-Sodium-Potassium Pump - -Take up 3 NA+ and changes shape to release 2 K+ inside cell
-Exocytosis/Endocytosis - -
-Phagocytosis - -Large particulate matter
-Pinocytosis - -liquids and small particles dissolve in liquid
-Receptor Mediated Endocytosis - -A type of pinocytosis that involves a coated pit
-Two Laws of Thermodynamics - -1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be
changed from one form to another
2. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usage energy
-Entropy - -Relative amount of disorganization (ex. room organization - less organized,
less entropy)
-Glucose Entropy - -More organized, more potential energy, less stable
-Carbon Dioxide and Water Entropy - -Less organized, less potential energy, more stable
-Metabolism - -Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
