Table of Contents
College 1: Wat zijn media-e3ecten? ......................................................................... 7
1. Ways of knowing ....................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Media-e)ecten in de huidige samenleving ............................................................................. 8
2. Doelen van wetenschap ............................................................................................ 9
2.1. Hoe worden die doelen bereikt? ............................................................................................ 9
3. Toekomst van media-e?ecten onderzoek ................................................................. 10
3.1. Geschiedenis van media-e)ecten onderzoek ...................................................................... 10
3.2. 5 uitdagingen voor toekomst media-e)ecten onderzoek ....................................................... 11
College 2: Onderzoeksmethoden in media-e3ecten onderzoek ................................ 13
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 13
2. Inhoudsanalyse ...................................................................................................... 13
2.1. Sociale media – studie ........................................................................................................ 14
3. Survey .................................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Sociale media – study ......................................................................................................... 15
3.2. Zoektocht naar causale verbanden ..................................................................................... 17
4. Experiment ............................................................................................................. 17
4.1. Experiment – Televisie......................................................................................................... 18
4.2. Controverse ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.3. Meta-analyse ..................................................................................................................... 19
College 3: Agendasetting ........................................................................................ 20
1. Nieuws en de publieke agenda ................................................................................ 20
1.1. Agendasetting .................................................................................................................... 20
1.2. Historische context ............................................................................................................ 20
1.3. Acapulco typologie ............................................................................................................. 22
1.4. Niveaus agendasetting ....................................................................................................... 23
1.5. Need for orientation (NFO) .................................................................................................. 23
1.6. Gevolgen van agendasetting e)ecten .................................................................................. 24
2. Agenda-setting tijdens de COVID-19 pandemie ........................................................ 24
2.1. Artikel – COVID-19 .................................................................................................................... 24
College 4: Framing ................................................................................................. 27
1. Nieuws framing: Theorie.......................................................................................... 27
1.1. Disciplinaire oorsprong ....................................................................................................... 28
1.2. Verwante, maar andere processen ...................................................................................... 29
2. Nieuws framing: Communicatieonderzoek............................................................... 30
1
, 2.1. Frame building ................................................................................................................... 30
2.2. Frame identificatie ............................................................................................................. 31
2.3. Frame setting ..................................................................................................................... 32
2.4. Framing experiment ............................................................................................................ 32
2.5. Problemen ......................................................................................................................... 33
College 5: Cultivation Theory .................................................................................. 34
1. Cultivatie Theory..................................................................................................... 34
1.1. TV in de maatschappij ........................................................................................................ 35
1.2. Shift van e)ecten naar cultivatie ......................................................................................... 35
1.3. Cultivatie onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 36
1.4. Mainstreaming ................................................................................................................... 36
1.5. Cultivatie onderzoek 2.0 ..................................................................................................... 37
1.6. Cultivation Theory in de 21e eeuw ........................................................................................ 37
2. Social cognition ...................................................................................................... 37
2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.2. Cultivatie e)ecten – psychologische processen ................................................................... 38
College 6: Priming .................................................................................................. 41
1. Media priming ......................................................................................................... 41
1.1. Media geweld ..................................................................................................................... 41
1.2. Politieke media................................................................................................................... 42
1.3. Media en stereotypen ......................................................................................................... 42
2. Modellen die priming uitleggen ................................................................................ 44
2.1. Twee karakteristieken van priming ....................................................................................... 44
2.2. Geweld .............................................................................................................................. 45
2.3. Politiek............................................................................................................................... 46
2.4. Mental models of memory .................................................................................................. 46
College 7: Elaboration Likelihood model (ELM)......................................................... 47
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 47
1.1. Massamedia overtuiging ..................................................................................................... 47
1.2. Media campagnes & attitudes ............................................................................................. 47
2. Theorieën rond attitudeverandering ......................................................................... 48
2.1. The communication/persuasion matrix model of media-e)ects (McGuire) ............................ 48
2.2. Cognitive response theory (CRT) ......................................................................................... 48
3. Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) .......................................................................... 49
3.1. Systematisch denken stimuleren: ....................................................................................... 49
3.2. Dezelfde elementen kunnen verschillende rollen spelen ...................................................... 50
4. Link tussen attitude en gedrag ................................................................................. 53
College 8: Social cognitive theory ........................................................................... 54
2
, 1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 54
1.2. Experimentele test ............................................................................................................. 54
2. Social cognitive theory – Agency .............................................................................. 55
2.1. Symbolizing capability ........................................................................................................ 55
2.2. Self-regulatory capability .................................................................................................... 55
2.3. Self-reflective capability: .................................................................................................... 55
2.4. Vicarious capability ............................................................................................................ 56
3. Mechanismen van observationeel leren ................................................................... 56
3.1. Abstract modeling .............................................................................................................. 57
3.2. Vicarious arousal ............................................................................................................... 57
4. Motivational e?ects ................................................................................................ 58
4.1. Ongewenste (transgressieve) e)ecten ................................................................................. 58
4.2. Gewenste e)ecten ............................................................................................................. 59
5. Constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting .............................................. 60
5.1. Soorten e)ecten en methoden ............................................................................................ 60
6. Toekomst van social cognitive theory ....................................................................... 61
College 9: Uses and gratifications ........................................................................... 62
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 62
2. Functionele benadering .......................................................................................... 63
2.1. Paradigma – assumpties ..................................................................................................... 63
2.2. Typologieën........................................................................................................................ 64
2.3. Kritiek op U&G .................................................................................................................... 65
3. Hedendaagse studies ............................................................................................. 65
3.1. Pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie ................................................................... 65
4. Media uses and e?ects ........................................................................................... 66
College 10: Individuele verschillen en third-person e3ect ........................................ 68
1. Individuele verschillen ............................................................................................ 68
1.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 68
2. Rol van individuele verschillen bij drie uitkomsten ................................................... 68
2.1. Enjoyment/emotionele reactie op media ............................................................................. 68
2.2. Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinngering van media .......................................... 69
2.3. E)ecten van media op attitudes en gedrag........................................................................... 70
3. Third-person e?ect - TPE ......................................................................................... 71
3.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 71
3.2. Onderzoek naar TPE ........................................................................................................... 72
3.3. Conditionele TPE e)ecten .................................................................................................. 73
3.4. Individuele verschillen ........................................................................................................ 73
3.5. Wat zijn de gevolgen?.......................................................................................................... 73
3
, College 11: Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media..................................................... 74
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 74
2. Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media ....................................................................... 74
2.1. Beginjaren van media-e)ecten onderzoek ........................................................................... 74
2.2. (Sexual) media practice model ............................................................................................ 74
3. Jongeren en pornografie .......................................................................................... 76
3.1. Di)erential susceptibility to media e)ects model ................................................................ 76
4. Sexting en digitale vormen van partnergeweld bij Vlaamse jongeren ......................... 78
4.1. Digitale media en romantische relaties ................................................................................ 79
4.2. Sexting............................................................................................................................... 79
4.3. Onderzoeksmethode van studie .......................................................................................... 80
4.4. Media, motieven en gevolgen .............................................................................................. 81
5. Profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen ................................................................. 82
5.1. Persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................. 82
5.2. Gezondheid ....................................................................................................................... 82
5.3. Sexting en de mediacontext ................................................................................................ 83
5.4. Sexting & social learning theory ........................................................................................... 83
5.5. Sexting en relatieperceptie.................................................................................................. 84
College 12: Body image en (sociale) media .............................................................. 86
1. Body image ............................................................................................................. 86
1.1. Invloeden ........................................................................................................................... 86
2. Fitspiration ............................................................................................................. 87
2.1. Theoretische verklaringen ................................................................................................... 88
2.2. Influencers......................................................................................................................... 89
2.3. Adolescenten ..................................................................................................................... 89
3. Body positivity ........................................................................................................ 90
4. Alternatieve trends ................................................................................................. 90
4.1. Body image beschermen .................................................................................................... 90
4.2. Wat nu? ............................................................................................................................. 91
College 13: Gokken en adolescenten....................................................................... 92
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 92
1.1. Gokken bij adolescenten .................................................................................................... 92
2. Gesimuleerd gokken ............................................................................................... 92
2.1. Academische literatuur ...................................................................................................... 92
2.2. Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) .............................................................. 93
2.3. Onderzoeken...................................................................................................................... 93
3. Jongeren en gokreclame .......................................................................................... 96
3.1. Kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................... 96
4
College 1: Wat zijn media-e3ecten? ......................................................................... 7
1. Ways of knowing ....................................................................................................... 8
1.1. Media-e)ecten in de huidige samenleving ............................................................................. 8
2. Doelen van wetenschap ............................................................................................ 9
2.1. Hoe worden die doelen bereikt? ............................................................................................ 9
3. Toekomst van media-e?ecten onderzoek ................................................................. 10
3.1. Geschiedenis van media-e)ecten onderzoek ...................................................................... 10
3.2. 5 uitdagingen voor toekomst media-e)ecten onderzoek ....................................................... 11
College 2: Onderzoeksmethoden in media-e3ecten onderzoek ................................ 13
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 13
2. Inhoudsanalyse ...................................................................................................... 13
2.1. Sociale media – studie ........................................................................................................ 14
3. Survey .................................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Sociale media – study ......................................................................................................... 15
3.2. Zoektocht naar causale verbanden ..................................................................................... 17
4. Experiment ............................................................................................................. 17
4.1. Experiment – Televisie......................................................................................................... 18
4.2. Controverse ....................................................................................................................... 19
4.3. Meta-analyse ..................................................................................................................... 19
College 3: Agendasetting ........................................................................................ 20
1. Nieuws en de publieke agenda ................................................................................ 20
1.1. Agendasetting .................................................................................................................... 20
1.2. Historische context ............................................................................................................ 20
1.3. Acapulco typologie ............................................................................................................. 22
1.4. Niveaus agendasetting ....................................................................................................... 23
1.5. Need for orientation (NFO) .................................................................................................. 23
1.6. Gevolgen van agendasetting e)ecten .................................................................................. 24
2. Agenda-setting tijdens de COVID-19 pandemie ........................................................ 24
2.1. Artikel – COVID-19 .................................................................................................................... 24
College 4: Framing ................................................................................................. 27
1. Nieuws framing: Theorie.......................................................................................... 27
1.1. Disciplinaire oorsprong ....................................................................................................... 28
1.2. Verwante, maar andere processen ...................................................................................... 29
2. Nieuws framing: Communicatieonderzoek............................................................... 30
1
, 2.1. Frame building ................................................................................................................... 30
2.2. Frame identificatie ............................................................................................................. 31
2.3. Frame setting ..................................................................................................................... 32
2.4. Framing experiment ............................................................................................................ 32
2.5. Problemen ......................................................................................................................... 33
College 5: Cultivation Theory .................................................................................. 34
1. Cultivatie Theory..................................................................................................... 34
1.1. TV in de maatschappij ........................................................................................................ 35
1.2. Shift van e)ecten naar cultivatie ......................................................................................... 35
1.3. Cultivatie onderzoek ........................................................................................................... 36
1.4. Mainstreaming ................................................................................................................... 36
1.5. Cultivatie onderzoek 2.0 ..................................................................................................... 37
1.6. Cultivation Theory in de 21e eeuw ........................................................................................ 37
2. Social cognition ...................................................................................................... 37
2.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 37
2.2. Cultivatie e)ecten – psychologische processen ................................................................... 38
College 6: Priming .................................................................................................. 41
1. Media priming ......................................................................................................... 41
1.1. Media geweld ..................................................................................................................... 41
1.2. Politieke media................................................................................................................... 42
1.3. Media en stereotypen ......................................................................................................... 42
2. Modellen die priming uitleggen ................................................................................ 44
2.1. Twee karakteristieken van priming ....................................................................................... 44
2.2. Geweld .............................................................................................................................. 45
2.3. Politiek............................................................................................................................... 46
2.4. Mental models of memory .................................................................................................. 46
College 7: Elaboration Likelihood model (ELM)......................................................... 47
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 47
1.1. Massamedia overtuiging ..................................................................................................... 47
1.2. Media campagnes & attitudes ............................................................................................. 47
2. Theorieën rond attitudeverandering ......................................................................... 48
2.1. The communication/persuasion matrix model of media-e)ects (McGuire) ............................ 48
2.2. Cognitive response theory (CRT) ......................................................................................... 48
3. Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) .......................................................................... 49
3.1. Systematisch denken stimuleren: ....................................................................................... 49
3.2. Dezelfde elementen kunnen verschillende rollen spelen ...................................................... 50
4. Link tussen attitude en gedrag ................................................................................. 53
College 8: Social cognitive theory ........................................................................... 54
2
, 1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 54
1.2. Experimentele test ............................................................................................................. 54
2. Social cognitive theory – Agency .............................................................................. 55
2.1. Symbolizing capability ........................................................................................................ 55
2.2. Self-regulatory capability .................................................................................................... 55
2.3. Self-reflective capability: .................................................................................................... 55
2.4. Vicarious capability ............................................................................................................ 56
3. Mechanismen van observationeel leren ................................................................... 56
3.1. Abstract modeling .............................................................................................................. 57
3.2. Vicarious arousal ............................................................................................................... 57
4. Motivational e?ects ................................................................................................ 58
4.1. Ongewenste (transgressieve) e)ecten ................................................................................. 58
4.2. Gewenste e)ecten ............................................................................................................. 59
5. Constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting .............................................. 60
5.1. Soorten e)ecten en methoden ............................................................................................ 60
6. Toekomst van social cognitive theory ....................................................................... 61
College 9: Uses and gratifications ........................................................................... 62
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 62
2. Functionele benadering .......................................................................................... 63
2.1. Paradigma – assumpties ..................................................................................................... 63
2.2. Typologieën........................................................................................................................ 64
2.3. Kritiek op U&G .................................................................................................................... 65
3. Hedendaagse studies ............................................................................................. 65
3.1. Pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie ................................................................... 65
4. Media uses and e?ects ........................................................................................... 66
College 10: Individuele verschillen en third-person e3ect ........................................ 68
1. Individuele verschillen ............................................................................................ 68
1.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 68
2. Rol van individuele verschillen bij drie uitkomsten ................................................... 68
2.1. Enjoyment/emotionele reactie op media ............................................................................. 68
2.2. Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinngering van media .......................................... 69
2.3. E)ecten van media op attitudes en gedrag........................................................................... 70
3. Third-person e?ect - TPE ......................................................................................... 71
3.1. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 71
3.2. Onderzoek naar TPE ........................................................................................................... 72
3.3. Conditionele TPE e)ecten .................................................................................................. 73
3.4. Individuele verschillen ........................................................................................................ 73
3.5. Wat zijn de gevolgen?.......................................................................................................... 73
3
, College 11: Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media..................................................... 74
1. Inleiding ................................................................................................................. 74
2. Jongeren en geseksualiseerde media ....................................................................... 74
2.1. Beginjaren van media-e)ecten onderzoek ........................................................................... 74
2.2. (Sexual) media practice model ............................................................................................ 74
3. Jongeren en pornografie .......................................................................................... 76
3.1. Di)erential susceptibility to media e)ects model ................................................................ 76
4. Sexting en digitale vormen van partnergeweld bij Vlaamse jongeren ......................... 78
4.1. Digitale media en romantische relaties ................................................................................ 79
4.2. Sexting............................................................................................................................... 79
4.3. Onderzoeksmethode van studie .......................................................................................... 80
4.4. Media, motieven en gevolgen .............................................................................................. 81
5. Profiel van jongeren die aan sexting doen ................................................................. 82
5.1. Persoonlijkheid .................................................................................................................. 82
5.2. Gezondheid ....................................................................................................................... 82
5.3. Sexting en de mediacontext ................................................................................................ 83
5.4. Sexting & social learning theory ........................................................................................... 83
5.5. Sexting en relatieperceptie.................................................................................................. 84
College 12: Body image en (sociale) media .............................................................. 86
1. Body image ............................................................................................................. 86
1.1. Invloeden ........................................................................................................................... 86
2. Fitspiration ............................................................................................................. 87
2.1. Theoretische verklaringen ................................................................................................... 88
2.2. Influencers......................................................................................................................... 89
2.3. Adolescenten ..................................................................................................................... 89
3. Body positivity ........................................................................................................ 90
4. Alternatieve trends ................................................................................................. 90
4.1. Body image beschermen .................................................................................................... 90
4.2. Wat nu? ............................................................................................................................. 91
College 13: Gokken en adolescenten....................................................................... 92
1. Introductie ............................................................................................................. 92
1.1. Gokken bij adolescenten .................................................................................................... 92
2. Gesimuleerd gokken ............................................................................................... 92
2.1. Academische literatuur ...................................................................................................... 92
2.2. Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975) .............................................................. 93
2.3. Onderzoeken...................................................................................................................... 93
3. Jongeren en gokreclame .......................................................................................... 96
3.1. Kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................... 96
4
