Methoden en
technieken
Amilya Stofmeel
Amilya Stofmeel
Academiejaar 25-26
,Methoden en technieken
Inhoud
Inleiding.............................................................................................................................. 4
STAP 1 – definieer probleem & onderzoeksvraag................................................................4
Stap 2 – Onderbouw met deskresearch...............................................................................5
Informatiebronnen........................................................................................................... 5
Field research vs desk research.......................................................................................5
Wat is desk research?................................................................................................... 5
Waarom desk research?................................................................................................ 5
Hoe desk research doen?.............................................................................................. 5
Wat is de meerwaarde van desk research?...................................................................5
Deskresearch ChatGPT................................................................................................ 6
BigData (extra bijlage niet vergeten)!.............................................................................7
Stap 3 – Baken doelgroep en onderzoeksplan af.................................................................8
Zelf onderzoeken of laten onderzoeken?.........................................................................9
Stap 4 – Start met kwalitatieve exploratie........................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: diepte-interview..............................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: focusgroep......................................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: Online community...........................................................................11
Aanpak kwalitatief: Observatie......................................................................................11
Verschillende vormen observatie:...............................................................................11
Toepassingen van observatie......................................................................................11
Aanpak kwalitatief: Etnografie.......................................................................................12
Projectieve technieken................................................................................................... 14
Onderbewustzijn......................................................................................................... 14
Bevragingstechnieken................................................................................................ 14
Bevragingstechniek: woordassociatie......................................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: zinnen en verhalen aanvullen.................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: cartoontest.............................................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: derdepersoonstechniek..........................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: identificatietest – personificatietest........................................16
Bevragingstechniek: fototalking..............................................................................17
Bevragingstechniek: fotosorting..............................................................................17
Voor- en nadelen van projectieve technieken................................................................17
Interviewafnamen....................................................................................................... 17
Analyseproces............................................................................................................ 18
Stap 5 – Valideer met kwantitatieve data..........................................................................19
Stap 5 – deel 1: methodologie.......................................................................................19
Internet (CAWI)........................................................................................................... 19
Face to Face (CAPI)..................................................................................................... 19
1
, Methoden en technieken
Telefonisch (CATI)....................................................................................................... 19
Schriftelijk (PAPI)......................................................................................................... 20
Stap 5 – deel 2 vraaginhoud.......................................................................................... 20
Stap 5 – deel 3 vraagvorm............................................................................................. 20
Open vraag................................................................................................................. 20
Gesloten vragen: dichotome vragen...........................................................................21
Gesloten vragen: meerkeuzevragen...........................................................................21
Schaalvragen: beoordelingsschaal.............................................................................21
Schaalvragen: schematische differentiaal (tegengestelde)........................................21
Schaalvragen: rangschikkingsmethode......................................................................21
Schaalvragen: constante-som methode.....................................................................21
Stap 6 – Selecteer een relevante steekproef.....................................................................23
Hoe robuuste gegevens verzamelen op grote schaal?...................................................23
Steekproeftrekking........................................................................................................ 23
Steekproeftechnieken................................................................................................. 24
Aselecte steekproef: simple random........................................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: systematisch..........................................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: gestratificeerde steekproef.....................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: clusters...................................................................................24
Niet-aselecte steekproef: convenience-steekproef..................................................24
Niet-aselecte steekproef: judgement-steekproef.....................................................25
Niet-aselecte steekproef: sneeuwbalsteekproef......................................................25
Getrapte steekproef................................................................................................ 25
Steekproefgrootte....................................................................................................... 26
Foutenmarge........................................................................................................... 26
Betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................................... 26
Geschat responspercentage....................................................................................26
Steekproefverdeling................................................................................................... 26
Oefeningen.................................................................................................................... 26
STAP 8 – Check representativiteit: steekproefcontrole......................................................27
Fouten veroorzaakt door interviewer.............................................................................27
Fouten veroorzaakt door respondent.............................................................................27
Fouten voorkomen: Validiteit......................................................................................... 27
Fouten voorkomen: Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................27
Representativiteit.......................................................................................................... 27
Afwijkingen................................................................................................................. 28
Oplossing 1 – substitutie.......................................................................................... 28
Oplossing 2 – call-back............................................................................................ 28
Oplossing 3 – herweging.......................................................................................... 28
Chi-kwadraat-toets........................................................................................................ 28
2
technieken
Amilya Stofmeel
Amilya Stofmeel
Academiejaar 25-26
,Methoden en technieken
Inhoud
Inleiding.............................................................................................................................. 4
STAP 1 – definieer probleem & onderzoeksvraag................................................................4
Stap 2 – Onderbouw met deskresearch...............................................................................5
Informatiebronnen........................................................................................................... 5
Field research vs desk research.......................................................................................5
Wat is desk research?................................................................................................... 5
Waarom desk research?................................................................................................ 5
Hoe desk research doen?.............................................................................................. 5
Wat is de meerwaarde van desk research?...................................................................5
Deskresearch ChatGPT................................................................................................ 6
BigData (extra bijlage niet vergeten)!.............................................................................7
Stap 3 – Baken doelgroep en onderzoeksplan af.................................................................8
Zelf onderzoeken of laten onderzoeken?.........................................................................9
Stap 4 – Start met kwalitatieve exploratie........................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: diepte-interview..............................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: focusgroep......................................................................................10
Aanpak kwalitatief: Online community...........................................................................11
Aanpak kwalitatief: Observatie......................................................................................11
Verschillende vormen observatie:...............................................................................11
Toepassingen van observatie......................................................................................11
Aanpak kwalitatief: Etnografie.......................................................................................12
Projectieve technieken................................................................................................... 14
Onderbewustzijn......................................................................................................... 14
Bevragingstechnieken................................................................................................ 14
Bevragingstechniek: woordassociatie......................................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: zinnen en verhalen aanvullen.................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: cartoontest.............................................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: derdepersoonstechniek..........................................................16
Bevragingstechniek: identificatietest – personificatietest........................................16
Bevragingstechniek: fototalking..............................................................................17
Bevragingstechniek: fotosorting..............................................................................17
Voor- en nadelen van projectieve technieken................................................................17
Interviewafnamen....................................................................................................... 17
Analyseproces............................................................................................................ 18
Stap 5 – Valideer met kwantitatieve data..........................................................................19
Stap 5 – deel 1: methodologie.......................................................................................19
Internet (CAWI)........................................................................................................... 19
Face to Face (CAPI)..................................................................................................... 19
1
, Methoden en technieken
Telefonisch (CATI)....................................................................................................... 19
Schriftelijk (PAPI)......................................................................................................... 20
Stap 5 – deel 2 vraaginhoud.......................................................................................... 20
Stap 5 – deel 3 vraagvorm............................................................................................. 20
Open vraag................................................................................................................. 20
Gesloten vragen: dichotome vragen...........................................................................21
Gesloten vragen: meerkeuzevragen...........................................................................21
Schaalvragen: beoordelingsschaal.............................................................................21
Schaalvragen: schematische differentiaal (tegengestelde)........................................21
Schaalvragen: rangschikkingsmethode......................................................................21
Schaalvragen: constante-som methode.....................................................................21
Stap 6 – Selecteer een relevante steekproef.....................................................................23
Hoe robuuste gegevens verzamelen op grote schaal?...................................................23
Steekproeftrekking........................................................................................................ 23
Steekproeftechnieken................................................................................................. 24
Aselecte steekproef: simple random........................................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: systematisch..........................................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: gestratificeerde steekproef.....................................................24
Aselecte steekproef: clusters...................................................................................24
Niet-aselecte steekproef: convenience-steekproef..................................................24
Niet-aselecte steekproef: judgement-steekproef.....................................................25
Niet-aselecte steekproef: sneeuwbalsteekproef......................................................25
Getrapte steekproef................................................................................................ 25
Steekproefgrootte....................................................................................................... 26
Foutenmarge........................................................................................................... 26
Betrouwbaarheid..................................................................................................... 26
Geschat responspercentage....................................................................................26
Steekproefverdeling................................................................................................... 26
Oefeningen.................................................................................................................... 26
STAP 8 – Check representativiteit: steekproefcontrole......................................................27
Fouten veroorzaakt door interviewer.............................................................................27
Fouten veroorzaakt door respondent.............................................................................27
Fouten voorkomen: Validiteit......................................................................................... 27
Fouten voorkomen: Betrouwbaarheid............................................................................27
Representativiteit.......................................................................................................... 27
Afwijkingen................................................................................................................. 28
Oplossing 1 – substitutie.......................................................................................... 28
Oplossing 2 – call-back............................................................................................ 28
Oplossing 3 – herweging.......................................................................................... 28
Chi-kwadraat-toets........................................................................................................ 28
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