Chlorination of Alkanes
HCI
overall reaction methane 12 GtheG
Initiation freeradicalsareproduced
essentialcondition UVlight
2C fromthecovalentbond
Clementi freera af.la
iI qggtgsnhsselesesann
donothaveacharge
Propagation freeradicalsareusedupandcreatedina chainreaction
allpropagationstepshaveafreeradicalinthereactantsandtheproducts
chutci snatchsi.in ei iie i iin
CH Ch Chsci ci.imife Ero tneEi rio to
Termination freeradicalsaremoppedup
when2freeradical cureandnofurtherfreeradicalsaregenerated
generchymaryqstygge
CHz Hz CHzCHz
Ozone 03 layer
acts aschemical
0 sunsorenan.me
E
UV c
02 0
then CFC'screate F.EE i imecioanoosemoe
02 0 03 85 er Cl 0 02 CIO
10 03 202 1
overall 203_ cristnecatalyst
, Halogeno alkanes Nucleophilicsubstitutions
H H H H
H C C H C C Nu X
H HINadeophile H H
With aqueoushydroxide forming alcohols
conditions warmth hydrolysissplittingamoleculeapartbyusingwatermolecules
reagents aqueoussodiumHydroxide
H H H H
H C 1s H C C OH 1
H HIGH H H
With ethanolic potassiumcyanide formingnitriles
conditions reflux
reagents potassiumcyanidedissolvedinethanol
H H H H
8
H C C H C C CEN I
Hy HT IN
H H
RCH CI EN RCH CN
With excess ethanolicammonia forming amines
conditions reflux
reagents excess ethanolicammonia
H H H H H
H C cloths
C c c
If ftp.fji
H H H H
H H
RCH2CI 2MHz RCH2NHz NHuC1
HCI
overall reaction methane 12 GtheG
Initiation freeradicalsareproduced
essentialcondition UVlight
2C fromthecovalentbond
Clementi freera af.la
iI qggtgsnhsselesesann
donothaveacharge
Propagation freeradicalsareusedupandcreatedina chainreaction
allpropagationstepshaveafreeradicalinthereactantsandtheproducts
chutci snatchsi.in ei iie i iin
CH Ch Chsci ci.imife Ero tneEi rio to
Termination freeradicalsaremoppedup
when2freeradical cureandnofurtherfreeradicalsaregenerated
generchymaryqstygge
CHz Hz CHzCHz
Ozone 03 layer
acts aschemical
0 sunsorenan.me
E
UV c
02 0
then CFC'screate F.EE i imecioanoosemoe
02 0 03 85 er Cl 0 02 CIO
10 03 202 1
overall 203_ cristnecatalyst
, Halogeno alkanes Nucleophilicsubstitutions
H H H H
H C C H C C Nu X
H HINadeophile H H
With aqueoushydroxide forming alcohols
conditions warmth hydrolysissplittingamoleculeapartbyusingwatermolecules
reagents aqueoussodiumHydroxide
H H H H
H C 1s H C C OH 1
H HIGH H H
With ethanolic potassiumcyanide formingnitriles
conditions reflux
reagents potassiumcyanidedissolvedinethanol
H H H H
8
H C C H C C CEN I
Hy HT IN
H H
RCH CI EN RCH CN
With excess ethanolicammonia forming amines
conditions reflux
reagents excess ethanolicammonia
H H H H H
H C cloths
C c c
If ftp.fji
H H H H
H H
RCH2CI 2MHz RCH2NHz NHuC1
