Pathophysiology NU545-Unit 2-Study
Guide latest Updated
2 components of Consciousness - ANS--Arousal
-Awareness
3 Parts of Midbrain - ANS--Corpora Quadrigemina (composed of superior and inferior
colliculi
-Tegmentum
-Basis Pedunculi
3 Types of Opioid receptors - ANS--Mu
-Kappa
-Delta
4 types of Opioid neuropeptides - ANS--Enkephalins
-Endorphins
-Dynorphins
-Endomorphins
A-Beta Fibers - ANS--large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration
sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
A-Delta fibers - ANS--Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating
rapid reactions to stimuli (fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber
type to reach the spinal cord
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) - ANS--Highly contagious and often is caused
by gram-positive organisms (staphylococcus, Haemophilus, and Proteus) although
other bacteria may be involved
-Onset is acute
-Characterized by mucopurulent drainage from one or both eyes
-self-limiting and will resolve sprontaneously in 10-14 days
-Abx. eye gtts are usually effective
Acute pain - ANS--A protective mechanism that alerts an individual to a condition or
experience that is immediately harmful to the body and mobilizes the individual to take
prompt action to relieve it; transient, usually lasting seconds to days; begins suddenly
and relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain receptors are removed.
,-arises from cutaneous an deep somatic tissue, or from visceral organs and can be
classified as acute somatic, acute visceral, and referred
Adaptation to warmer environments - ANS--The body of an individual who moves from a
cooler to a warmer climate undergoes a period of adjustment
-At first the individual experiences feelings of lassitude, weakness, and faintness even
with moderate activity/ body temp.rises with any work
-Within a few days, the body adapts: earlier onset of sweating, volume of sweat is
increased, sodium content lower, heart rate decreased, stroke volume increased
Affective or Emotional Systems - ANS--Mediate mood, emotion, and intention
Affective-motivational system - ANS--Determines an individual's conditioned avoidance
behaviors and emotional responses to pain.
-Is mediated through the reticular formation, limbic system,and brainstem with
projections to the prefrontal cortex.
After acute spinal cord injury - ANS--Temp. fluctuates b/c sympathetic nervous system
is damaged.
-Hypothalamus cannot regulate body heat through vasoconstriction and increased
metabolism so the individual assumes the temp. of the air
Allergic Conjunctivitis - ANS--Associated with variety of antigens, including pollens
-Ocular itching, photophobia, burning, and gritty sensations in the eye
-Tx: Antihistamines, steroids, and vasoconstrictors
Arachnoid Villi - ANS--protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie
within the blood flow of the venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood
flow into the subarachnoid space
Arousal - ANS--Is mediated by the reticular activating system (RAS)
-Regulates aspects of attention and information processing and maintains
consciousness
-Cognitive and cerebral functions require a functioning RAS
Astrocytoma - ANS--A type of glioma which develops from astrocytes and grows by
expansion and infiltration into the normal surrounding brain tissue.
-Believed to have lost all normal growth restraint and proliferate uncontrollably
Astrocytoma - ANS--The most common primary CNS brain tumor
Attentional System - ANS--Provide arousal an maintenance of attention over time
, AVM - ANS--Arteries feed directly into veins through a vascular tangle of malformed
vessels without a true capillary bed (bowl of spaghetti)
Awake - ANS--Wakefulness with eyes closed an predominated by alpha waves (8-
25Hz)
Awareness - ANS--Encompasses all cognitive functions
-Is mediated by attentional systems, memory systems, language systems, and
executive systems
Bipolar I Disorder - ANS--features manic episodes and as least one major depressive
episode.
Bipolar II Disorder - ANS--Characterized by recurrent major depressive episodes with
one or more hypomania episodes.
Brain Death - ANS--Occurs when irreversible brain damage is so extensive that the
brain has no potential for recovery and no longer can maintain the body's internal
homeostasis.
Broca Area - ANS--Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
C-Fibers - ANS--(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the
transmission of diffuse burning or aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type
to reach the spinal cord.
Cancer Pain - ANS--Often chronic and associated with neuropathies
Capillary Telangiectasis - ANS--Dilated capillaries with interspersed normal brain tissue
found deep within the brain, particularly in the brain stem, Hemorrhage is rare.
Associated with Rendu-Osler-Weber Disease
Cause of tremors in Parkinson's Disease - ANS--Appear as a result from instability of
feedback from the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex caused by loss of the inhibitory
influence of dopamine in the basal ganglia.
-Increased oscillation in the normal feedback cycles of the notor outflow feedback circuit
when the muscles are at rest produces the tremor.
-Postural tremor is associated with damage to the cerebellofungal pathway to the red
nucleus, a pathway that subserves communication from the muscle spindles to the
thalamus and motor cortex
Cavernous Angioma Malformation - ANS--sinsoidal collections of blood vessels without
interspersed normal brain tissue. Rarely hemorrhage
Guide latest Updated
2 components of Consciousness - ANS--Arousal
-Awareness
3 Parts of Midbrain - ANS--Corpora Quadrigemina (composed of superior and inferior
colliculi
-Tegmentum
-Basis Pedunculi
3 Types of Opioid receptors - ANS--Mu
-Kappa
-Delta
4 types of Opioid neuropeptides - ANS--Enkephalins
-Endorphins
-Dynorphins
-Endomorphins
A-Beta Fibers - ANS--large myelinated fibers that transmit tough and vibration
sensations
-Do not transmit pain but play a role in pain modulation.
A-Delta fibers - ANS--Well localized, sharp pain sensations - are important in initiating
rapid reactions to stimuli (fast pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel down this fiber
type to reach the spinal cord
Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis (pinkeye) - ANS--Highly contagious and often is caused
by gram-positive organisms (staphylococcus, Haemophilus, and Proteus) although
other bacteria may be involved
-Onset is acute
-Characterized by mucopurulent drainage from one or both eyes
-self-limiting and will resolve sprontaneously in 10-14 days
-Abx. eye gtts are usually effective
Acute pain - ANS--A protective mechanism that alerts an individual to a condition or
experience that is immediately harmful to the body and mobilizes the individual to take
prompt action to relieve it; transient, usually lasting seconds to days; begins suddenly
and relieved after the chemical mediators that stimulate pain receptors are removed.
,-arises from cutaneous an deep somatic tissue, or from visceral organs and can be
classified as acute somatic, acute visceral, and referred
Adaptation to warmer environments - ANS--The body of an individual who moves from a
cooler to a warmer climate undergoes a period of adjustment
-At first the individual experiences feelings of lassitude, weakness, and faintness even
with moderate activity/ body temp.rises with any work
-Within a few days, the body adapts: earlier onset of sweating, volume of sweat is
increased, sodium content lower, heart rate decreased, stroke volume increased
Affective or Emotional Systems - ANS--Mediate mood, emotion, and intention
Affective-motivational system - ANS--Determines an individual's conditioned avoidance
behaviors and emotional responses to pain.
-Is mediated through the reticular formation, limbic system,and brainstem with
projections to the prefrontal cortex.
After acute spinal cord injury - ANS--Temp. fluctuates b/c sympathetic nervous system
is damaged.
-Hypothalamus cannot regulate body heat through vasoconstriction and increased
metabolism so the individual assumes the temp. of the air
Allergic Conjunctivitis - ANS--Associated with variety of antigens, including pollens
-Ocular itching, photophobia, burning, and gritty sensations in the eye
-Tx: Antihistamines, steroids, and vasoconstrictors
Arachnoid Villi - ANS--protrude form the arachnoid space, through dura mater, and lie
within the blood flow of the venous sinuses
-CSF is reabsorbed by means of a pressure gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses
-Function as one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the blood and preventing blood
flow into the subarachnoid space
Arousal - ANS--Is mediated by the reticular activating system (RAS)
-Regulates aspects of attention and information processing and maintains
consciousness
-Cognitive and cerebral functions require a functioning RAS
Astrocytoma - ANS--A type of glioma which develops from astrocytes and grows by
expansion and infiltration into the normal surrounding brain tissue.
-Believed to have lost all normal growth restraint and proliferate uncontrollably
Astrocytoma - ANS--The most common primary CNS brain tumor
Attentional System - ANS--Provide arousal an maintenance of attention over time
, AVM - ANS--Arteries feed directly into veins through a vascular tangle of malformed
vessels without a true capillary bed (bowl of spaghetti)
Awake - ANS--Wakefulness with eyes closed an predominated by alpha waves (8-
25Hz)
Awareness - ANS--Encompasses all cognitive functions
-Is mediated by attentional systems, memory systems, language systems, and
executive systems
Bipolar I Disorder - ANS--features manic episodes and as least one major depressive
episode.
Bipolar II Disorder - ANS--Characterized by recurrent major depressive episodes with
one or more hypomania episodes.
Brain Death - ANS--Occurs when irreversible brain damage is so extensive that the
brain has no potential for recovery and no longer can maintain the body's internal
homeostasis.
Broca Area - ANS--Controlling motor aspects of speech
-inferior edge of premotor area on the inferior frontal gyrus
-usually on left hemisphere
C-Fibers - ANS--(Unmyelinated C polymodal nociceptors) responsible for the
transmission of diffuse burning or aching sensations (slow pain)
-Nerve action potentials generated by excitation of nociceptors travel on this fiber type
to reach the spinal cord.
Cancer Pain - ANS--Often chronic and associated with neuropathies
Capillary Telangiectasis - ANS--Dilated capillaries with interspersed normal brain tissue
found deep within the brain, particularly in the brain stem, Hemorrhage is rare.
Associated with Rendu-Osler-Weber Disease
Cause of tremors in Parkinson's Disease - ANS--Appear as a result from instability of
feedback from the basal ganglia to the cerebral cortex caused by loss of the inhibitory
influence of dopamine in the basal ganglia.
-Increased oscillation in the normal feedback cycles of the notor outflow feedback circuit
when the muscles are at rest produces the tremor.
-Postural tremor is associated with damage to the cerebellofungal pathway to the red
nucleus, a pathway that subserves communication from the muscle spindles to the
thalamus and motor cortex
Cavernous Angioma Malformation - ANS--sinsoidal collections of blood vessels without
interspersed normal brain tissue. Rarely hemorrhage
