BIO 51 EXAM 3 FINAL ADVANCED(2025/2026) | ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS AND PRACTICE EXAM | LATEST UPDATED AND
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PA
orthologous genes
homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation
paralogous genes
homologous genes due to gene duplication, only in one species
domain evolution
Broke off from LUCA. bacteria(oldest), archaea, eukaryotes(youngest)
gram positive bacteria
Crystal violet retained(purple), thick layer/layers of Peptidoglycan, and only one plasma membrane,
uncommon
gram negative
pinkish stain, thin peptidoglycan layer with an additional cell wall containing lipopolysaccharides(lps)
endospores
protective spore that can last a very long time
bacterial flagella
rotary motor driven by proton motor force
conjugation
bacterial gene transfer of DNA, allow antibiotic resistance
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA across genomes
Photoautotrophs
uses light to make their own energy, make their own carbon/organic molecules from CO2
Chemoautotrophs
uses chemical reactions to make their own energy make their own carbon/organic molecules from CO2
Photoheterotrophs
Uses light for energy, gets carbon from other sources
chemoheterotrophs
uses organic compounds as energy sources, gets carbon from other sources
nitrogen fixation
makes atmospheric nitrogen usable to organisms
biofilms
defense system, requires adhesion and cooperation between different cells and bacteria
, bacteria groups?
eukaryotic and prokaryotic similarities
similar DNA replication, 3 RNA polymerase, cytoplasm, ribosomes
exotoxin
toxin released from the cell, usually a protein
endotoxin
toxin released inside the organism, only released when it dies/cell walls breakdown
pathogenesis
development of disease(horizontal gene transfer etc)
mixotrophy
can be auto and heterotrophic, could have engulfed algae that makes it autotrophic
protist
eukaryote isn't a plant, animal, or fungi. divided into SAR, Archaeplastida, and unikonta
primary endosymbiosis
eukaryote engulfs prokaryote
secondary endosymbiosis
an organism engulfs the eukaryote from primary endosymbiosis
Diplomonads
protist of excavate clade with reduced mitochondria called mitosomes. anaerobic so evolved mitochondria
to be like this, usually parasites
parabasalids
protist of excavate clade with reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes. anaerobic so evolved
mitochondria to be like this, usually parasites
euglenoids
plant like protists from the excavate clade with rod like body with a spiral or crystalline structure in their
flagella. mixotroph(engulf by phagocytosis) or heterotroph
archaeaplastida
monophyletic group containing plants and algae. descended from protists that endosymbiosed.
red vs green algae
red have sexual reproduction and longer wavelength absorption.
The green are nonsexual and only survive in shallow water.
chlorophytes
part of green algae; live in fresh water, symbiotically live with eukaryotes. can display multicellularity in
colonies, but only nucleic division(no cytoplasmic division)
Chlamydomonas
WITH DETAILED ANSWERS AND PRACTICE EXAM | LATEST UPDATED AND
VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PA
orthologous genes
homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation
paralogous genes
homologous genes due to gene duplication, only in one species
domain evolution
Broke off from LUCA. bacteria(oldest), archaea, eukaryotes(youngest)
gram positive bacteria
Crystal violet retained(purple), thick layer/layers of Peptidoglycan, and only one plasma membrane,
uncommon
gram negative
pinkish stain, thin peptidoglycan layer with an additional cell wall containing lipopolysaccharides(lps)
endospores
protective spore that can last a very long time
bacterial flagella
rotary motor driven by proton motor force
conjugation
bacterial gene transfer of DNA, allow antibiotic resistance
horizontal gene transfer
transfer of DNA across genomes
Photoautotrophs
uses light to make their own energy, make their own carbon/organic molecules from CO2
Chemoautotrophs
uses chemical reactions to make their own energy make their own carbon/organic molecules from CO2
Photoheterotrophs
Uses light for energy, gets carbon from other sources
chemoheterotrophs
uses organic compounds as energy sources, gets carbon from other sources
nitrogen fixation
makes atmospheric nitrogen usable to organisms
biofilms
defense system, requires adhesion and cooperation between different cells and bacteria
, bacteria groups?
eukaryotic and prokaryotic similarities
similar DNA replication, 3 RNA polymerase, cytoplasm, ribosomes
exotoxin
toxin released from the cell, usually a protein
endotoxin
toxin released inside the organism, only released when it dies/cell walls breakdown
pathogenesis
development of disease(horizontal gene transfer etc)
mixotrophy
can be auto and heterotrophic, could have engulfed algae that makes it autotrophic
protist
eukaryote isn't a plant, animal, or fungi. divided into SAR, Archaeplastida, and unikonta
primary endosymbiosis
eukaryote engulfs prokaryote
secondary endosymbiosis
an organism engulfs the eukaryote from primary endosymbiosis
Diplomonads
protist of excavate clade with reduced mitochondria called mitosomes. anaerobic so evolved mitochondria
to be like this, usually parasites
parabasalids
protist of excavate clade with reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes. anaerobic so evolved
mitochondria to be like this, usually parasites
euglenoids
plant like protists from the excavate clade with rod like body with a spiral or crystalline structure in their
flagella. mixotroph(engulf by phagocytosis) or heterotroph
archaeaplastida
monophyletic group containing plants and algae. descended from protists that endosymbiosed.
red vs green algae
red have sexual reproduction and longer wavelength absorption.
The green are nonsexual and only survive in shallow water.
chlorophytes
part of green algae; live in fresh water, symbiotically live with eukaryotes. can display multicellularity in
colonies, but only nucleic division(no cytoplasmic division)
Chlamydomonas
