NSG 3105 MIDTERM 1 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
6 Principles to guide healthcare transformation in Canada - ANS 1. patient-centred
2. quality
3. health promotion/illness prevention
4. equitable
5. sustainable
6. accountable
Purposes of IV fluids - ANS maintenance
replacement
isotonic solution - ANS 280-300mOsm/L (same amount of water/salt as serum)
water neither moves in or out of cell bc solute concentration is = in and out of cell
fluid stays in IV space, expands IV compartment
*watch for s/s of fluid overload*
hypotonic solution - ANS <280mOsm/L (less salt, more water than serum)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,fluid shifts out of ECF and into ICF = cells expand
provides hydration - DKA, hyperglycemia
may cause infiltration, phlebitis
*do not give - burns, ^ICP, hypovolemia*
hypertonic solution - ANS >300mOsm/L (more salt, less water than serum)
fluid shifts out of ICF and into ECF = cells shrink
used to tx hypovolemia, hyponatremia, cerebral edema
*give slowly, may cause fluid overload*
D5W - ANS isotonic
170cal/L
dextrose makes it move into ICF, becomes hypotonic
tx - replaces water losses, hypernatremia
*use caution w/ ICP, HF, RF*
NS - ANS isotonic
no calories
expands IV space - used most for fast results
*risk for fluid overload higher (HF, edema)*
compatible with most meds, blood products
LR - ANS isotonic
more like plasma than NS
also has K, Ca, PO, lactate (turns to bicarb)
expands ECF volume
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, *may cause alkalosis, avoid w/ hepatic impairment, renal failure* (liver turns lactate to bicarb,
can't if fx impaired)
D5 1/2 NS - ANS hypertonic
common maintenance fluid
KCl added for maintenance or replacement
D10W - ANS hypertonic
340cal/L
monitor blood sugar
plasma expanders - ANS stay in IV space, increase osmotic pressure
albumin, packed RBCs, plasma
sodium - ANS 135-145mmol/L
hyponatremia - ANS s/s - tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, respiratory failure, seizures, coma
causes - v/d, NG suction, SIADH, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, burns, HF
tx - fluid restriction, hypertonic IV solution, monitor serum levels, monitor I/Os, ORF
hypernatremia - ANS big and bloated
s/s - excessive thirst, dry/swollen tongue, edema, flushing, fever, n/v, increased muscle tone
causes - dec water intake, dec ADH (DI), tube feeds, osmotic diuretics, hyperglycemia, high
fevers, hypertonic solutions
tx - tx underlying cause, isotonic fluids, restricted sodium diet
hypovolemia - ANS low ECF/blood volume
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS | LATEST VERSION 2025/2026.
6 Principles to guide healthcare transformation in Canada - ANS 1. patient-centred
2. quality
3. health promotion/illness prevention
4. equitable
5. sustainable
6. accountable
Purposes of IV fluids - ANS maintenance
replacement
isotonic solution - ANS 280-300mOsm/L (same amount of water/salt as serum)
water neither moves in or out of cell bc solute concentration is = in and out of cell
fluid stays in IV space, expands IV compartment
*watch for s/s of fluid overload*
hypotonic solution - ANS <280mOsm/L (less salt, more water than serum)
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,fluid shifts out of ECF and into ICF = cells expand
provides hydration - DKA, hyperglycemia
may cause infiltration, phlebitis
*do not give - burns, ^ICP, hypovolemia*
hypertonic solution - ANS >300mOsm/L (more salt, less water than serum)
fluid shifts out of ICF and into ECF = cells shrink
used to tx hypovolemia, hyponatremia, cerebral edema
*give slowly, may cause fluid overload*
D5W - ANS isotonic
170cal/L
dextrose makes it move into ICF, becomes hypotonic
tx - replaces water losses, hypernatremia
*use caution w/ ICP, HF, RF*
NS - ANS isotonic
no calories
expands IV space - used most for fast results
*risk for fluid overload higher (HF, edema)*
compatible with most meds, blood products
LR - ANS isotonic
more like plasma than NS
also has K, Ca, PO, lactate (turns to bicarb)
expands ECF volume
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, *may cause alkalosis, avoid w/ hepatic impairment, renal failure* (liver turns lactate to bicarb,
can't if fx impaired)
D5 1/2 NS - ANS hypertonic
common maintenance fluid
KCl added for maintenance or replacement
D10W - ANS hypertonic
340cal/L
monitor blood sugar
plasma expanders - ANS stay in IV space, increase osmotic pressure
albumin, packed RBCs, plasma
sodium - ANS 135-145mmol/L
hyponatremia - ANS s/s - tachycardia, weak/thready pulse, respiratory failure, seizures, coma
causes - v/d, NG suction, SIADH, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency, burns, HF
tx - fluid restriction, hypertonic IV solution, monitor serum levels, monitor I/Os, ORF
hypernatremia - ANS big and bloated
s/s - excessive thirst, dry/swollen tongue, edema, flushing, fever, n/v, increased muscle tone
causes - dec water intake, dec ADH (DI), tube feeds, osmotic diuretics, hyperglycemia, high
fevers, hypertonic solutions
tx - tx underlying cause, isotonic fluids, restricted sodium diet
hypovolemia - ANS low ECF/blood volume
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
