ESTUDYR
CHAPTER 11: VENTILATION KACMAREK: EGAN'S
FUNDAMENTALS OF RESPIRATORY CARE, 12TH EDITION
What is the primary function of the lungs?
A. Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
B. Filter pulmonary blood.
✅C. Gas exchange.
D. Remove carbon monoxide (CO).
Rationale: Lungs supply O₂ and remove CO₂ via alveolar gas exchange.
The cyclical volume of gas moved in and out during normal resting ventilation is the:
A. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
B. Vital capacity (VC).
C. Residual volume (RV).
✅D. Tidal volume (VT).
Rationale: VT is the volume inhaled or exhaled in normal quiet breathing.
Which pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle?
Alveolar pressure (PA)
Body surface pressure (PBS)
Mouth pressure (PAO)
Pleural pressure (Ppl)
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 2, 3, and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
✅D. 1 and 4 only.
Rationale: PA and Ppl change with inspiration/expiration; PBS & PAO are usually constant
(atmospheric) during quiet breathing.
Which pressure normally remains negative (relative to atmosphere) during quiet breathing?
A. PA
✅B. Ppl (pleural pressure).
C. PAO
D. PBS
Rationale: Pleural pressure is subatmospheric under normal resting conditions.
,ESTUDYR
Which pressure gradient is responsible for the actual flow of gas into/out of the lungs?
A. Transalveolar (PA − Ppl)
B. Transpulmonary (PAL − Ppl)
✅C. Transrespiratory (PA − PAO).
D. Transthoracic (Ppl − PBS)
Rationale: Flow is driven by pressure difference between airway opening and alveoli
(transrespiratory).
Which pressure gradient maintains alveolar inflation?
✅A. Transpulmonary (PAL − Ppl).
B. Transthoracic (Ppl − PBS)
C. Transcardiac (PCA − PAL)
D. Transrespiratory (PAL − PAO)
Rationale: Transpulmonary = alveolar − pleural pressure keeps alveoli open.
Which statement about alveolar pressure (PA) during quiet breathing is true?
A. Positive during inspiration, negative during expiration.
B. Same as intrapleural pressure (Ppl).
✅C. Negative during inspiration and positive during expiration.
D. Always less than atmospheric.
Rationale: PA swings slightly below atmosphere during inspiration and above during expiration.
What happens during normal inspiration?
Ppl becomes more subatmospheric.
Transpulmonary gradient widens.
PA drops below airway opening pressure.
A. 1 and 2 only
✅B. 2 and 3 only.
C. 1 only
D. 1 and 3 only
Rationale: Inspiration widens transpulmonary pressure and makes alveolar pressure
subatmospheric; Ppl also falls (but statement selection aligns with 2 & 3).
When does the transpulmonary pressure (PA − Ppl) reach maximum during a normal breath?
A. Midinspiration
B. End-expiration
✅C. End-inspiration.
, ESTUDYR
D. Mid-expiration
Rationale: At end-inspiration transpulmonary pressure (difference) is maximal.
During expiration, why does gas flow out of the lungs?
A. PA is less than airway opening.
B. PA equals airway opening.
✅C. PA is greater than airway opening.
D. Airway pressure is greater than PA.
Rationale: Recoil increases alveolar pressure above airway opening, driving flow outward.
Which forces must be overcome to move air into the respiratory system?
Tissue movement
Elastic forces of lung tissue
Airway resistance
Surface tension forces
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 4 only
✅D. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Rationale: All four (tissue, elastic, airway resistance, surface tension) oppose inspiration.
The difference between inspiratory and expiratory lung volume at a given pressure is called:
A. Alveolar aphasia
✅B. Hysteresis.
C. Pleural pressure variance
D. Transpulmonary pressures
Rationale: Hysteresis = inflation and deflation curves differ (volume at same pressure differs).
Effects of surface tension forces in the air-filled lung include:
Increase elastic recoil (promoting collapse)
Make lung harder to inflate than if filled with fluid
Decrease lung elasticity as volume increases
A. 1 and 2 only ✅
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
CHAPTER 11: VENTILATION KACMAREK: EGAN'S
FUNDAMENTALS OF RESPIRATORY CARE, 12TH EDITION
What is the primary function of the lungs?
A. Convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
B. Filter pulmonary blood.
✅C. Gas exchange.
D. Remove carbon monoxide (CO).
Rationale: Lungs supply O₂ and remove CO₂ via alveolar gas exchange.
The cyclical volume of gas moved in and out during normal resting ventilation is the:
A. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV).
B. Vital capacity (VC).
C. Residual volume (RV).
✅D. Tidal volume (VT).
Rationale: VT is the volume inhaled or exhaled in normal quiet breathing.
Which pressures vary throughout the normal breathing cycle?
Alveolar pressure (PA)
Body surface pressure (PBS)
Mouth pressure (PAO)
Pleural pressure (Ppl)
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 2, 3, and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
✅D. 1 and 4 only.
Rationale: PA and Ppl change with inspiration/expiration; PBS & PAO are usually constant
(atmospheric) during quiet breathing.
Which pressure normally remains negative (relative to atmosphere) during quiet breathing?
A. PA
✅B. Ppl (pleural pressure).
C. PAO
D. PBS
Rationale: Pleural pressure is subatmospheric under normal resting conditions.
,ESTUDYR
Which pressure gradient is responsible for the actual flow of gas into/out of the lungs?
A. Transalveolar (PA − Ppl)
B. Transpulmonary (PAL − Ppl)
✅C. Transrespiratory (PA − PAO).
D. Transthoracic (Ppl − PBS)
Rationale: Flow is driven by pressure difference between airway opening and alveoli
(transrespiratory).
Which pressure gradient maintains alveolar inflation?
✅A. Transpulmonary (PAL − Ppl).
B. Transthoracic (Ppl − PBS)
C. Transcardiac (PCA − PAL)
D. Transrespiratory (PAL − PAO)
Rationale: Transpulmonary = alveolar − pleural pressure keeps alveoli open.
Which statement about alveolar pressure (PA) during quiet breathing is true?
A. Positive during inspiration, negative during expiration.
B. Same as intrapleural pressure (Ppl).
✅C. Negative during inspiration and positive during expiration.
D. Always less than atmospheric.
Rationale: PA swings slightly below atmosphere during inspiration and above during expiration.
What happens during normal inspiration?
Ppl becomes more subatmospheric.
Transpulmonary gradient widens.
PA drops below airway opening pressure.
A. 1 and 2 only
✅B. 2 and 3 only.
C. 1 only
D. 1 and 3 only
Rationale: Inspiration widens transpulmonary pressure and makes alveolar pressure
subatmospheric; Ppl also falls (but statement selection aligns with 2 & 3).
When does the transpulmonary pressure (PA − Ppl) reach maximum during a normal breath?
A. Midinspiration
B. End-expiration
✅C. End-inspiration.
, ESTUDYR
D. Mid-expiration
Rationale: At end-inspiration transpulmonary pressure (difference) is maximal.
During expiration, why does gas flow out of the lungs?
A. PA is less than airway opening.
B. PA equals airway opening.
✅C. PA is greater than airway opening.
D. Airway pressure is greater than PA.
Rationale: Recoil increases alveolar pressure above airway opening, driving flow outward.
Which forces must be overcome to move air into the respiratory system?
Tissue movement
Elastic forces of lung tissue
Airway resistance
Surface tension forces
A. 1, 2, and 3 only
B. 2 and 4 only
C. 4 only
✅D. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
Rationale: All four (tissue, elastic, airway resistance, surface tension) oppose inspiration.
The difference between inspiratory and expiratory lung volume at a given pressure is called:
A. Alveolar aphasia
✅B. Hysteresis.
C. Pleural pressure variance
D. Transpulmonary pressures
Rationale: Hysteresis = inflation and deflation curves differ (volume at same pressure differs).
Effects of surface tension forces in the air-filled lung include:
Increase elastic recoil (promoting collapse)
Make lung harder to inflate than if filled with fluid
Decrease lung elasticity as volume increases
A. 1 and 2 only ✅
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
