NURS 1650: Final Exam 4 Questions with Guaranteed Pass Solutions Graded A+.

NURS 1650: Final Exam 4 Questions
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions
Graded A+.
What does neuropharmacological medication alter - Answer axonal conduction: less common
and not selective



synaptic transmission: more common and selective



what do Neuropharmacological medications influence - Answer receptor activity on target
cells



steps of neurotransmitter action - Answer · At the presynaptic cell, the action potential travels
along the axon

· Voltage gated Ca 2+ channels open

· Calcium enters

· Neurotransmitter release and diffuses into synaptic cleft

· Neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors

· Neurotransmitter leaves synaptic cleft



when does termination of neurotransmitter action occur - Answer when neurotransmitter

· Binds to enzyme which degrades neurotransmitter

OR

· Reuptake into presynaptic neuron or astrocyte (basis of many depression medications)

OR

· Simply diffuse away (less common)



Reuptake - Answer secondary active transport that moves sodium down concentration
gradient to transport neurotransmitter against its concentration gradient into the presynaptic
terminal --> either stored or broken down or transported into astrocytes



Serotonergic - Answer synthesis of serotonin

,ionotropic receptors - Answer · neurotransmitter binding directly opens an ion channel and
changes the postsynaptic membrane potential

o Rapid

o Aka: ligand-gated ion channels



metabotropic receptors - Answer · neurotransmitter binding activates a G protein --> second
messenger production and/or ion channel opening

o Slower

o Aka: GPCR with intracellular second messengers



characteristics of ionotropic receptors - Answer · A ligand-binding site

· Central pore with specific ion selectivity

· Ability to rapidly change membrane potential to either depolarize and create an excitatory
postsynaptic potential (EPSP) or hyperpolarize and create an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
(IPSP)



what does hyperpolarization cause - Answer inhibition



Metabotropic receptor characteristics - Answer · GPCR with binding sites for
neurotransmitters

· Work through enzymes that generate second messengers: cAMP, IP3/DAG, cGMP

· Produce additional intracellular changes such as altered gene expression for receptors or
intracellular enzyme activation

· Act indirectly



what carries out fast transmission - Answer glutamic acid, ACH, GABA, glycine



what carries out slow transmission - Answer biogenic amines, peptides



Glutamate - Answer principle excitatory neurotransmitter responsible for rapid transmission of
sensory and motor processing, vision, hearing, and consciousness, learning and memory



what happens after glutamate is used - Answer immediately converted glutamine by glial cells
which goes to presynaptic terminal, repackaged into vesicles, or is diffused in some way

,Glutamate receptor types - Answer AMPA and NMDA



what does AMPA allow - Answer N+ entry when glutamate binds to it



what does NDMA allow - Answer Ca2+ entry when both glutamate and glycine bind to it and
AMPA-derived depolarization drives Mg2+ out of calcium channel



what must happen to let Ca2+ enter postsynaptic cell - Answer NMDA receptor must be
activated by glutamate and glycine and be subjected to depolarization simultaneously



GABA - Answer principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS



types of GABA receptors - Answer o GABAA= inotropic

o GABAB = metabotropic

o GAABC = ionotropic/ligand-dated



what do all GABA receptors produce? what does it mean - Answer IPSPs --> they are inhibitor



characteristics of GABaa - Answer numerous binding sites on it

· Sites for ethanol, benzodiazepine, GABA, barbiturate, neurosteroids

· Central pore - middle ion channel that permits chloride to flow into the cell



what does the central pore of GABAA allow for - Answer o Chloride flows in --> brings charge
in postsynaptic cell down (aka hyperpolarization) --> inhibit from firing off action potential



GABAB - Answer metabotropic receptor that links to ion channel but not to secondary
messenger



Baclofen - Answer agonist at GABAB receptors that treats muscle spasms in disorders such as
multiple sclerosis



what are exceptions to general rule that amino acid act via ionotropic and amine act via
metabotropic - Answer · GABAB acts via metabotropic

, Midbrain (mesencephalon) - Answer connection between brain stem and higher centers and is
involved in most body systems like sleep, consciousness, vision, hearing, and temperature
regulation



Cerebral cortex - Answer largest part of human brain associated with higher function like
thought, language, information processing, and action



Acetylcholine - Answer neurotransmitter of all motor neurons and parasympathetic system
and is necessary for normal memory, cognition, motor control, and sleep initiation



Acetylcholinesterase - Answer enzyme that degrades acetylcholine into choline and acetate



Cholinergic neurons - Answer neurons that synthesizes acetylcholine



what are Regions associated with ACh functioning - Answer · Basal forebrain = learning,
waking

· Basal ganglia - striatal interneurons that antagonize dopamine and important for motor control

· Brainstem pedunculopontine nucleus = REM sleep initiation



what are Regions associated with dopamine functioning - Answer · Midbrain substantia nigra =
motor control via projection the basal ganglia

· Midbrain ventral tegmental area = mesolimbic/mesocortica tract --> motivation, activation,
pleasure reward, addiction

· Hypothalamus = tuberoinfundibular system --> releases dopamine to inhibit pituitary prolactin
secretion



Nucleus accumbens - Answer specific location of a pleasurable/reward effect of dopamine
located in a forebrain region



Locus cereleus - Answer main norepinephrine nucleus with wide projections and multiple
functions



functions of locus cereleus - Answer · Arousal and awakening