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Pathophysiology NU 545 Unit 5 Questions
and Answers
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134)
Ans: Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134)
Ans: Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134)
Ans: A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and
facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface
tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to
control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195)
Ans: Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the
fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
treatment, complications)
Ans: Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that
continues for at least 3 months of the year (usually the winter months)
for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Ans: Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of
neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
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, 2 | Page
Ans: Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive
cough, evidence of airway obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry,
copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and
FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased
PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which
can lead to severe disability or death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport)
Ans: The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of
CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured)
Ans: Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the
surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the alveoli.
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical
manifestations, treatment (acute and chronic), complications
(p1167) (p1203)
Ans: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that
causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and
variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system
Ans:
How is O2 carried in the blood?
Ans: Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
Ans: in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to
bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties
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, 3 | Page
Ans: • Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and
is common in individuals with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning
posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows generally
relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart
failure or lung disease wake up at night gasping for air and must sit or
stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment,
complications) (p1165)
Ans: fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a
concomitant increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves
out into the interstitial space (the space within the alveolar septum b/w
alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the
lung
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic
system's ability to remove it, pulmonary edema develops.
pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment,
complications) (p1163)
© 2025 All rights reserved
Pathophysiology NU 545 Unit 5 Questions
and Answers
Type I Alveolar cells (p1134)
Ans: Cells which provides structure for alveoli.
Type II Alveolar cells (p1134)
Ans: Cells of the alveoli which secrete surfactant.
Surfactant (role in lungs; infant and adult) (p1134)
Ans: A lipoprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and
facilitates its expansion during inspiration. Lowers alveolar surface
tension at end expiration and prevents lung collapse. Contributes to
control of lung inflammation and innate and adaptive immunity.
Infant Surfactant (p1195)
Ans: Is produced by 20-24 weeks of gestation and is secreted into the
fetal airways by 30 weeks.
Chronic Bronchitis
(pathophysiology, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations,
treatment, complications)
Ans: Hypersecretion of mucous and chronic productive cough that
continues for at least 3 months of the year (usually the winter months)
for at least 2 consecutive years.
Patho of Chronic Bronchitis
Ans: Inspired irritants result in airway inflammation with infiltration of
neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes into the bronchial wall.
Manifestations of Chronic Bronchitis
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
Ans: Decreased exercise intolerance, wheezing, and SOB, productive
cough, evidence of airway obstruction (decrease in FEV1) on spirometry,
copious amounts of sputum, frequent pulmonary infections, FVC and
FEV1 values are markedly reduced,FRC and Residual volume (RV)
measurements are increased, decreased alveolar ventilation, increased
PaCO2,polycythemia, cyanosis, pulmonary HTN, cor pulmonale which
can lead to severe disability or death.
Gas exchange in the lungs (transport)
Ans: The delivery of oxygen to the cells of the body and the removal of
CO2.
Alveolar ventilation (how is it measured)
Ans: Distention, is made possible by surfactant, which lowers the
surface tension by coating the air-liquid interface in the alveoli.
Asthma (adult and childhood)
Patho, etiology, prevention, inflammatory mediators, clinical
manifestations, treatment (acute and chronic), complications
(p1167) (p1203)
Ans: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that
causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the airways, and
variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
Ageing and the pulmonary system
Ans:
How is O2 carried in the blood?
Ans: Hemoglobin in RBCs
How is CO2 carried in the blood?
Ans: in solution or bound to blood proteins, but most is converted to
bicarbonate ion by carbonic anhydrase within RBC's
Postures used to relief breathing difficulties
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
Ans: • Orthopnea is dyspnea that occurs when an individual lies flat and
is common in individuals with heart failure. Sitting in a forward leaning
posture or supporting the upper body on several pillows generally
relieves orthopnea.
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) occurs in individuals with heart
failure or lung disease wake up at night gasping for air and must sit or
stand to believe the dyspnea.
pulmonary edema
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment,
complications) (p1165)
Ans: fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles
Excess water in the lung.
LV fails, filling pressures on the L side of heart increase and cause a
concomitant increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure.
-When the hydrostatic pressure exceeds oncotic pressure, fluid moves
out into the interstitial space (the space within the alveolar septum b/w
alveolus and capillary).
-Fluid is initially picked up by lymphatic vessels and removed from the
lung
-when the flow of fluid out of the capillaries exceeds the lymphatic
system's ability to remove it, pulmonary edema develops.
pulmonary fibrosis
(patho, etiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, treatment,
complications) (p1163)
© 2025 All rights reserved
