Ivy Tech APHY 102 Midterm Exam Complete
What is a hormone and how does it act? - -Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any
tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
-What is a paracrine gland? - -a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but
affects only neighboring cells
-What is an autocrine gland? - -A secretion that only affects the secreting
cell.
-What is an endocrine gland? - -A gland that secretes a substance (a
hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target cells
-What is an exocrine gland? - -A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto
a body surface.
-Where is the thymus located? - -mediastinum; behind the sternum
-Where is the pineal gland located? - -center of brain
-Where are the reproductive organs located? - -abdomen; pelvic
-Where is the pituitary gland located? - -sella turcica of the sphenoid bone;
base of the brain
-Where are the adrenal glands located? - -on top of each kidney
-Where is the pancreas located? - -posterior to the stomach
-What are the two steroid hormones? - -Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
-Describe steroid hormones - --diffuse through cell membranes into
cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
-Describe non-steroid hormones. - -Amines, proteins, peptides, and
glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
, receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
-How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? - -The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and
secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary
when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to
the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones
are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
-What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - -Hypothalamus
-Describe tropic hormones - -stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
-anterior pituitary hormones - -ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in
ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
-posterior pituitary hormones - -ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus
during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the
male reproductive tract during sexual activity
-Thyroid hormones - -Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
-Parathyroid hormones - -PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration
and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the
bones, kidneys, and intestines
-adrenal medulla hormones - -epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase
heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
-adrenal cortex hormones - -Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of
sodium and potassium ions
What is a hormone and how does it act? - -Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body
fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any
tissue that has specific receptors for that particular hormone.
-What is a paracrine gland? - -a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but
affects only neighboring cells
-What is an autocrine gland? - -A secretion that only affects the secreting
cell.
-What is an endocrine gland? - -A gland that secretes a substance (a
hormone) into the bloodstream and act on target cells
-What is an exocrine gland? - -A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto
a body surface.
-Where is the thymus located? - -mediastinum; behind the sternum
-Where is the pineal gland located? - -center of brain
-Where are the reproductive organs located? - -abdomen; pelvic
-Where is the pituitary gland located? - -sella turcica of the sphenoid bone;
base of the brain
-Where are the adrenal glands located? - -on top of each kidney
-Where is the pancreas located? - -posterior to the stomach
-What are the two steroid hormones? - -Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
-Describe steroid hormones - --diffuse through cell membranes into
cytoplasm or nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
-Describe non-steroid hormones. - -Amines, proteins, peptides, and
glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which
body fluid carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with
, receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's effects.
-How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary
gland? - -The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and
secreting hormones for the body and connects to the posterior pituitary
when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary remains connected to
the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones
are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
-What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - -Hypothalamus
-Describe tropic hormones - -stimulate other endocrine glands to release
hormones
-anterior pituitary hormones - -ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in
ovaries and stimulate production of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries
PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
-posterior pituitary hormones - -ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus
during childbirth and may stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the
male reproductive tract during sexual activity
-Thyroid hormones - -Calcitonin - controls blood calcium and phosphate ion
concentration
Thyroxine(T4) - more prevalent in circulation
Triiodothyronine(T3) - more potent than T4
-Parathyroid hormones - -PTH - increases blood calcium ion concentration
and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the
bones, kidneys, and intestines
-adrenal medulla hormones - -epinephrine and norepinephrine - increase
heart rate, BP, breathing, decrease digestion
-adrenal cortex hormones - -Aldosterone - helps regulate concentration of
sodium and potassium ions
