GNRS 576, Pharmacology
GNRS 576 Pharmacology Exam 1 2025 LATEST
ACTUAL SUMMER –FALL SESSION ORIGINAL PDF
(SOLVED) APU GRADED A
Additive Effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a
combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is
equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same
drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 = 2
Adverse Effects
A general term for any undesirable effects that
are a direct response to one or more drugs.
Allergic Reaction
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction
resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a
particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.
Bioavailability
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for
a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Biotransformation or metabolism
method by which the drugs are inactivated by body.
can be affected by age, genetics, diseases, other medications
Cytochrome P450
Found in liver, involved in metabolism of drugs and toxins, control the speed that
drugs are broken down and time present in the body
Dissolution
dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
,GNRS 576, Pharmacology
Duration of action
The length of time the concentration of a
drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.
First pass effect
Drugs metabolized in the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation, some of
the drug will be inactivated
Half-life
the time required for half of the dose to be eliminated by the
body, or the time it takes for the blood level (plasma) of a drug to be
reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life).
Onset of action
The time required for a drug to elicit a
therapeutic response after dosing.
Pharmaceutics
The science of preparing and dispensing
drugs, including dosage form design
Pharmacodynamics
study of the effect of the drug on the body.
Drugs can only increase/decrease natural cell function not alter it from what it
normally does
Pharmacogenomics
A branch of pharmacogenetics (see
earlier) that involves the survey of the entire genome to detect
multigenic (multiple-gene)
determinants of drug response.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what happens to a drug from
the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all
metabolites have left the body.
, GNRS 576, Pharmacology
What is Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
A synthetic form of erythropoietin.
What are the uses of Epoetin Alfa?
Anemia associated with end stage renal disease, chemotherapy, and zidovudine
therapy.
What is required for Epoetin Alfa to be effective?
Adequate iron stores and bone marrow function.
What are the routes of administration for Epoetin Alfa?
Intravenous (IV) or oral.
What is the long-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?
Darbepoetin (Aranesp).
What is Retracrit?
A newer biosimilar of Epoetin Alfa.
What cautions should be taken when using Epoetin Alfa?
Uncontrolled HTN
hemoglobin levels above 10 (in cancer patients)
and 11 (in renal patients).
What is a risk associated with Epoetin Alfa in patients with head and neck
cancers?
Increased risk of tumor growth.
What is a potential risk of Epoetin Alfa for patients already at risk?
Increased risk of thrombosis.
What are some adverse side effects of Epoetin Alfa?
HTN, fever, headache, pruritus, rash, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, injection site
reaction.
GNRS 576 Pharmacology Exam 1 2025 LATEST
ACTUAL SUMMER –FALL SESSION ORIGINAL PDF
(SOLVED) APU GRADED A
Additive Effects
Drug interactions in which the effect of a
combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is
equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same
drugs given alone. For example, 1 + 1 = 2
Adverse Effects
A general term for any undesirable effects that
are a direct response to one or more drugs.
Allergic Reaction
An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction
resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a
particular medication; a type of adverse drug event.
Bioavailability
A measure of the extent of drug absorption for
a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%).
Biotransformation or metabolism
method by which the drugs are inactivated by body.
can be affected by age, genetics, diseases, other medications
Cytochrome P450
Found in liver, involved in metabolism of drugs and toxins, control the speed that
drugs are broken down and time present in the body
Dissolution
dissolving of solid dosage forms and their absorption
,GNRS 576, Pharmacology
Duration of action
The length of time the concentration of a
drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response.
First pass effect
Drugs metabolized in the liver before it reaches the systemic circulation, some of
the drug will be inactivated
Half-life
the time required for half of the dose to be eliminated by the
body, or the time it takes for the blood level (plasma) of a drug to be
reduced by 50% (also called elimination half-life).
Onset of action
The time required for a drug to elicit a
therapeutic response after dosing.
Pharmaceutics
The science of preparing and dispensing
drugs, including dosage form design
Pharmacodynamics
study of the effect of the drug on the body.
Drugs can only increase/decrease natural cell function not alter it from what it
normally does
Pharmacogenomics
A branch of pharmacogenetics (see
earlier) that involves the survey of the entire genome to detect
multigenic (multiple-gene)
determinants of drug response.
Pharmacokinetics
The study of what happens to a drug from
the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all
metabolites have left the body.
, GNRS 576, Pharmacology
What is Epoetin Alfa (Epogen)?
A synthetic form of erythropoietin.
What are the uses of Epoetin Alfa?
Anemia associated with end stage renal disease, chemotherapy, and zidovudine
therapy.
What is required for Epoetin Alfa to be effective?
Adequate iron stores and bone marrow function.
What are the routes of administration for Epoetin Alfa?
Intravenous (IV) or oral.
What is the long-acting form of Epoetin Alfa?
Darbepoetin (Aranesp).
What is Retracrit?
A newer biosimilar of Epoetin Alfa.
What cautions should be taken when using Epoetin Alfa?
Uncontrolled HTN
hemoglobin levels above 10 (in cancer patients)
and 11 (in renal patients).
What is a risk associated with Epoetin Alfa in patients with head and neck
cancers?
Increased risk of tumor growth.
What is a potential risk of Epoetin Alfa for patients already at risk?
Increased risk of thrombosis.
What are some adverse side effects of Epoetin Alfa?
HTN, fever, headache, pruritus, rash, nausea, vomiting, arthralgia, injection site
reaction.
