CRITICAL CARE EXAM 1 WITH ALL CORRECT &
VERIFIED ANSWERS (UPDATED TO PASS)
P wave Correct answer-Depolarization of the atria
PR interval Correct answer--Normal is 0.12 to 0.2 seconds
- onset of atrial depolarization until onset of ventricular polarization
QRS complex Correct answer--Normal is 0.06 to 0.11 seconds
-Ventricular depolarization
-systole
T wave Correct answer--appears after QRS complex
- Ventricular repolarization
-Spiked T-wave occurs with hyperkalemia
U wave Correct answer-- repolarization of the purkinje fibers
- seen in patients with hypokalemia
SA node Correct answer-the pace-maker of the heart; where the impulse conduction of the heart
usually starts; located in the top of the right atrium just below superior vena cava
*sends impulses 60-100 BPM
Normal Sinus Rhythm Correct answer-Rate is 60-100/ minute
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal
Interpretation: normal sinus rhythm
normal QRS: 0.06- 0.10
Sinus Bradycardia Correct answer-Rate is <60/minute
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal
Interpretation: treat sinus brady with *0.5mg atropine ( if emergent)* , dopamine, epinephrine,
pacer.
*normal in patients when sleeping or sleeping
-may occur with use of Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, digoxin, morphine, vagal
stimulation, hypothermia, hypothroidism
Sinus Tachycardia Correct answer-Rate is >100/min (usually below 160)
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal 0.6-0.10
Interpretation: correct the underlying cause, adminster beta blockers or calcium channel blockers.
,*treat underlying cause.**
- may be a normal response from a fever, exercise, anxiety, pain, dehydration. May accompany shock,
LHF, hyperthyroidism, anemia, hypovolemia, PE, MI
-can be caused by caffiene, nicotine, amphetemines, atropine, cocaine.
Sinus Arrhythmia Correct answer-Rate: increases on inspiration, decreases on expiration
Rhythm: *Always has irregular rhythm*
P waves?: yes
PR interval: normal
QRS: normal
Significance: usually a normal finding and usually is *not treated*
Premature Atrial Complexes Correct answer-Rate: normal
Rhythm:abnormal
P waves?: Yes, has *EARLY* p waves
PR interval? WNL
QRS:WNL
Significance:
*electrical impulses start in atrium BEFORE beat finishes
-CAUSES: stimulants, alcohol, anxiety, hypokalemia
-common in normal hearts*
- if EKG shows many, could be an early sign of SVT or A.fib
TREAT underlying cause (minimize stress, dont drink caffeine)
Atrial Flutter Correct answer-Rate: 250-400/min
Rhythm: regular
P waves: NO only flutter(sawtooth) waves are seen
PR interval: N/A
QRS: WNL
Significance:
SAWTOOTH waves
*if ventricles try to catch up, can be a bad tachycardia
*Patient can live fine with A. flutter, just control rate
-CAUSES- pulmonary disease (COPD,OSA, Pulm. HTN), heart valve disease, after open heart surgery
TREAT: CARDIZEM anticoagulants, perdoxa, dysrhythmic, amiodarone,BB, Digoxin, Cardioversion (if
hemodynamically unstable and tachy)
Atrial Fibrillation Correct answer-*most common adult arrhythmia
Rate: >400 *can be normal*
Rhythm: irregular
P waves: No P waves
PR interval: N/A
QRS: normal
, Significance:
becomes dangerous when ventricles try to catch up
A.fib can be baseline and controlled if hr <100
-CAUSES- pulm. disease, increased age, males, overweight, chronic HTN, HF, open heart surgery
-TREAT- Digoxin (to put into NSR), cardizem, amiodarone, corvert, cardioversion
What is the same for NSR, SB, ST? Correct answer-*all have a P wave.
* all have a normal PR interval.
*all have a normal QRS interval.
*All start at SA node.
***only difference is change in RATE**
Atrial Kick Correct answer-Atrial kick is a term that represents the amount of the total CO that is
supplied via atrial contraction.
Pulse pressure Correct answer-Systolic # - Diastolic # = pulse pressure
What should you assess in a patient with dysrhythmia? Correct answer-LOC
rate and rhythm of apical and peripheral pulses
heart sounds
blood pressure
pulse pressure
signs of fluid retention
health history
Cardizem Correct answer--Trade name for Diltiazem, Calcium Channel Blocker, Vasodilator
*first line treatment for A.flutter/ A.fib *
Supraventricular Tachycardia Correct answer-*if hemodynamically stable, treat with oxygen, IV
access continuous monitoring, and vagal maneuvers
Rate over 160bpm
*give adenosine if vagal maneuver does not work
(6mg rapid IV push with 20ml NSS flush)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Correct answer-Average of blood pressure forces on arteries
* Systolic + (2x Diastolic) / 3*
60mmHg is adequate organ perfusion
Optimal MAP is between 70-90mmHg
*measures the blood pressure parameter used to measure organ perfusion
Cardiac Output Correct answer-volume of blood ejected from L ventricle per minute
*HR x SV*
VERIFIED ANSWERS (UPDATED TO PASS)
P wave Correct answer-Depolarization of the atria
PR interval Correct answer--Normal is 0.12 to 0.2 seconds
- onset of atrial depolarization until onset of ventricular polarization
QRS complex Correct answer--Normal is 0.06 to 0.11 seconds
-Ventricular depolarization
-systole
T wave Correct answer--appears after QRS complex
- Ventricular repolarization
-Spiked T-wave occurs with hyperkalemia
U wave Correct answer-- repolarization of the purkinje fibers
- seen in patients with hypokalemia
SA node Correct answer-the pace-maker of the heart; where the impulse conduction of the heart
usually starts; located in the top of the right atrium just below superior vena cava
*sends impulses 60-100 BPM
Normal Sinus Rhythm Correct answer-Rate is 60-100/ minute
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal
Interpretation: normal sinus rhythm
normal QRS: 0.06- 0.10
Sinus Bradycardia Correct answer-Rate is <60/minute
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal
Interpretation: treat sinus brady with *0.5mg atropine ( if emergent)* , dopamine, epinephrine,
pacer.
*normal in patients when sleeping or sleeping
-may occur with use of Beta blockers or calcium channel blockers, digoxin, morphine, vagal
stimulation, hypothermia, hypothroidism
Sinus Tachycardia Correct answer-Rate is >100/min (usually below 160)
Rhythm is regular
P wave present
PR interval: normal 0.12-0.20
QRS complex:normal 0.6-0.10
Interpretation: correct the underlying cause, adminster beta blockers or calcium channel blockers.
,*treat underlying cause.**
- may be a normal response from a fever, exercise, anxiety, pain, dehydration. May accompany shock,
LHF, hyperthyroidism, anemia, hypovolemia, PE, MI
-can be caused by caffiene, nicotine, amphetemines, atropine, cocaine.
Sinus Arrhythmia Correct answer-Rate: increases on inspiration, decreases on expiration
Rhythm: *Always has irregular rhythm*
P waves?: yes
PR interval: normal
QRS: normal
Significance: usually a normal finding and usually is *not treated*
Premature Atrial Complexes Correct answer-Rate: normal
Rhythm:abnormal
P waves?: Yes, has *EARLY* p waves
PR interval? WNL
QRS:WNL
Significance:
*electrical impulses start in atrium BEFORE beat finishes
-CAUSES: stimulants, alcohol, anxiety, hypokalemia
-common in normal hearts*
- if EKG shows many, could be an early sign of SVT or A.fib
TREAT underlying cause (minimize stress, dont drink caffeine)
Atrial Flutter Correct answer-Rate: 250-400/min
Rhythm: regular
P waves: NO only flutter(sawtooth) waves are seen
PR interval: N/A
QRS: WNL
Significance:
SAWTOOTH waves
*if ventricles try to catch up, can be a bad tachycardia
*Patient can live fine with A. flutter, just control rate
-CAUSES- pulmonary disease (COPD,OSA, Pulm. HTN), heart valve disease, after open heart surgery
TREAT: CARDIZEM anticoagulants, perdoxa, dysrhythmic, amiodarone,BB, Digoxin, Cardioversion (if
hemodynamically unstable and tachy)
Atrial Fibrillation Correct answer-*most common adult arrhythmia
Rate: >400 *can be normal*
Rhythm: irregular
P waves: No P waves
PR interval: N/A
QRS: normal
, Significance:
becomes dangerous when ventricles try to catch up
A.fib can be baseline and controlled if hr <100
-CAUSES- pulm. disease, increased age, males, overweight, chronic HTN, HF, open heart surgery
-TREAT- Digoxin (to put into NSR), cardizem, amiodarone, corvert, cardioversion
What is the same for NSR, SB, ST? Correct answer-*all have a P wave.
* all have a normal PR interval.
*all have a normal QRS interval.
*All start at SA node.
***only difference is change in RATE**
Atrial Kick Correct answer-Atrial kick is a term that represents the amount of the total CO that is
supplied via atrial contraction.
Pulse pressure Correct answer-Systolic # - Diastolic # = pulse pressure
What should you assess in a patient with dysrhythmia? Correct answer-LOC
rate and rhythm of apical and peripheral pulses
heart sounds
blood pressure
pulse pressure
signs of fluid retention
health history
Cardizem Correct answer--Trade name for Diltiazem, Calcium Channel Blocker, Vasodilator
*first line treatment for A.flutter/ A.fib *
Supraventricular Tachycardia Correct answer-*if hemodynamically stable, treat with oxygen, IV
access continuous monitoring, and vagal maneuvers
Rate over 160bpm
*give adenosine if vagal maneuver does not work
(6mg rapid IV push with 20ml NSS flush)
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) Correct answer-Average of blood pressure forces on arteries
* Systolic + (2x Diastolic) / 3*
60mmHg is adequate organ perfusion
Optimal MAP is between 70-90mmHg
*measures the blood pressure parameter used to measure organ perfusion
Cardiac Output Correct answer-volume of blood ejected from L ventricle per minute
*HR x SV*
