NURS 6501-ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWERS -through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWERS -movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cellular injury causing cellular
self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and
control of genetic information.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -a network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -a network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -saclike structures that originate from
the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWERS -involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
, Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWERS -The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS -. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS -encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS -protein homeostasis and
is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated
with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) the extracellular membrane,
(2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2)
they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
How are cells specialized? - CORRECT ANSWERS -through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - CORRECT ANSWERS -movement, conductivity,
metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzemes? - CORRECT ANSWERS -Cellular injury causing cellular
self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and
control of genetic information.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - CORRECT ANSWERS -a network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the
synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -a network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging
proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -saclike structures that originate from
the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? - CORRECT ANSWERS -involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
, Importance of proteins in disease - CORRECT ANSWERS -The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
What are mitochondria responsible for? - CORRECT ANSWERS -. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - CORRECT ANSWERS -the "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? - CORRECT ANSWERS -encloses the cell and, by controlling the
movement of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? - CORRECT ANSWERS -The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? - CORRECT ANSWERS -protein homeostasis and
is defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones
(helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these systems is associated
with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -on the plasma membrane, enable the cell to
interact with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) the extracellular membrane,
(2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and differentiation.
How do cells communicate? - CORRECT ANSWERS -(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2)
they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3)
they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
