NR 507 Final Exam Advanced Pathophysiology Questions
with Verified Rationalized (A+ Guarantee) – Chamberlain
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1. Acute renal failure ANS: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis ANS: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) ANS: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
,Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure ANS: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or
intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis? ANS: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined
with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to
survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD ANS: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR 90-120
7. Stage II CKD ANS: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR 60-89
, 8. Stage III CKD ANS: There is a moderate decrease in
GFR 30-59
9. Stage IV CKD: ANS There is a severe decrease in
GFR 15-29
10. Stage V CKD ANS: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR ANS:
Anemia Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
12. GERD ANS: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
with Verified Rationalized (A+ Guarantee) – Chamberlain
(Latest ) (A+ Guarantee)
1. Acute renal failure ANS: Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates
that kidneys are functioning well
2. Acute Pyelonephritis ANS: Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be
difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
3. Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) ANS: Goals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
,Prevent new stone formation
4. Chronic Renal Failure ANS: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive
loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus erythematosus or
intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
5. Who is a candidate for dialysis? ANS: End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the
final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes mellitus combined
with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on dialysis to
survive. CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves)
is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis
and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
6. Stage I CKD ANS: There is kidney damage with normal or elevated
GFR 90-120
7. Stage II CKD ANS: There is kidney damage with mild decrease in
GFR 60-89
, 8. Stage III CKD ANS: There is a moderate decrease in
GFR 30-59
9. Stage IV CKD: ANS There is a severe decrease in
GFR 15-29
10. Stage V CKD ANS: Kidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well
as dialysis or kidney transplant
11. Complications of Decreased GFR ANS:
Anemia Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperphosphatemia
Metabolic acidosis
Malnutrition (late complication)
12. GERD ANS: Warning signs include: Symptoms over age of 50:
-Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
-Odynophagia (pain on swallowing)
-Nausea and vomiting
-Weight loss
-Melena
-Early satiety (feeling full after eating very little food
