Tentamen Samenvatting
Inhoudsopgave
Population Ecology............................................................................................ 3
Hoor college 1. Life history strategies.................................................................................3
Hoor college 2. Life tables................................................................................................... 6
Hoor college 3. Species interactions....................................................................................6
Hoor college 4. Predation & grazing....................................................................................9
Wetgeving Hoorcolleges...................................................................................12
College 1. Algemeen natuurwetgeving..............................................................................12
College 2. Natuurwetgeving & soortbescherming.............................................................15
Tentamen indicatief!......................................................................................................... 17
College 3. Natuurwetgeving & gebiedsbescherming.........................................................18
Woordenlijst:..................................................................................................................... 22
Samenvatting Medestudent 1........................................................................................... 25
Samenvatting Medestudent 2........................................................................................... 35
Wildlife Ecology............................................................................................... 46
Chapter 4. Food and nutrition........................................................................................... 46
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 46
4.2 Constituents of food................................................................................................. 46
4.3 Variation in food supply........................................................................................... 47
Biodiversity..................................................................................................... 49
College 1. Physical conditions & the availability of resources............................................49
College 2. Patterns in species richness..............................................................................51
Handouts......................................................................................................... 53
Foraging............................................................................................................................ 53
Grazing.............................................................................................................................. 54
Species interactions.......................................................................................................... 57
Life history patterns.......................................................................................................... 62
Life tables.......................................................................................................................... 67
Energetics......................................................................................................................... 70
,
,Population Ecology
Hoor college 1. Life history strategies
Life history = set of evolved strategies including anatomical, physiological
and behavioral adaptations that directly influence organisms’ survival and
reproductive success.
Capital breeders:
- reach threshold condition prior to breeding
- Gains reserves when resources are available
- Favoured when timing of reproduction affects adult and offspring
survival
- Higher pre-breeding costs (predation, storage)
Income breeders:
- Rely on energy gained during reproduction period
- Usually smaller species, less able to store reserves
- Favored in non-seasonal environments
Timing of egg laying essential for reproduction succes
- Optimal laying date = trade off self-maintenance costs vs offspring
survival
Survival vs reproduction + current vs future reproduction
Clutch size determined by available resources through female body condition
(capital breeder) or laying date (income breeder)
- Optimal clutch size = trade off quantity vs quality offspring
Life history strategies are reflected in traits that affect scheduling of
reproduction and survival
- Start of reproduction (age)
- Frequency of reproduction
- Number of offspring per reproductive period
Semelparity produce once and die while iteroparity produce offspring
repeatedly
Iteroparity:
, - Repeated reproduction
- Few, larger offspring
- Offspring is well-provisioned
- High survival rate offspring
- Adult is likely to survive to reproduce again
Semelparity:
- Single reproduction
- Many, smaller offspring
- Low survival rate offspring
- “One-shot” reproduction
Sex-specific survival due to differences in:
- Breeding behaviour (laying/incubation/gestation)
- Parental care
- Territoriality
- Hormonal effects on immune system
In density-independent populations, birth rate and death rate do not change
with population density.
In density-dependent populations, birth rates fall and/or death rates rise with
population density
Carrying capacity (K) = the maximum stable population size that a particular
environment can support. It is not fixed but varies over space and time with
the abuncance of limiting resources.
Density dependent growth regulators:
1. Competition for resources
2. Disease
3. Predation
4. Territoriality
5. Intrinsic factors
Population dynamics determine:
- Population density
- Dispersion & distribution patterns
- Demographics (age structure, fecundity)
Dispersal: movement of individual animal from its natal range to the place
where it reproduces. NOT: migration or local movement within home range.
Inhoudsopgave
Population Ecology............................................................................................ 3
Hoor college 1. Life history strategies.................................................................................3
Hoor college 2. Life tables................................................................................................... 6
Hoor college 3. Species interactions....................................................................................6
Hoor college 4. Predation & grazing....................................................................................9
Wetgeving Hoorcolleges...................................................................................12
College 1. Algemeen natuurwetgeving..............................................................................12
College 2. Natuurwetgeving & soortbescherming.............................................................15
Tentamen indicatief!......................................................................................................... 17
College 3. Natuurwetgeving & gebiedsbescherming.........................................................18
Woordenlijst:..................................................................................................................... 22
Samenvatting Medestudent 1........................................................................................... 25
Samenvatting Medestudent 2........................................................................................... 35
Wildlife Ecology............................................................................................... 46
Chapter 4. Food and nutrition........................................................................................... 46
4.1 Introduction............................................................................................................. 46
4.2 Constituents of food................................................................................................. 46
4.3 Variation in food supply........................................................................................... 47
Biodiversity..................................................................................................... 49
College 1. Physical conditions & the availability of resources............................................49
College 2. Patterns in species richness..............................................................................51
Handouts......................................................................................................... 53
Foraging............................................................................................................................ 53
Grazing.............................................................................................................................. 54
Species interactions.......................................................................................................... 57
Life history patterns.......................................................................................................... 62
Life tables.......................................................................................................................... 67
Energetics......................................................................................................................... 70
,
,Population Ecology
Hoor college 1. Life history strategies
Life history = set of evolved strategies including anatomical, physiological
and behavioral adaptations that directly influence organisms’ survival and
reproductive success.
Capital breeders:
- reach threshold condition prior to breeding
- Gains reserves when resources are available
- Favoured when timing of reproduction affects adult and offspring
survival
- Higher pre-breeding costs (predation, storage)
Income breeders:
- Rely on energy gained during reproduction period
- Usually smaller species, less able to store reserves
- Favored in non-seasonal environments
Timing of egg laying essential for reproduction succes
- Optimal laying date = trade off self-maintenance costs vs offspring
survival
Survival vs reproduction + current vs future reproduction
Clutch size determined by available resources through female body condition
(capital breeder) or laying date (income breeder)
- Optimal clutch size = trade off quantity vs quality offspring
Life history strategies are reflected in traits that affect scheduling of
reproduction and survival
- Start of reproduction (age)
- Frequency of reproduction
- Number of offspring per reproductive period
Semelparity produce once and die while iteroparity produce offspring
repeatedly
Iteroparity:
, - Repeated reproduction
- Few, larger offspring
- Offspring is well-provisioned
- High survival rate offspring
- Adult is likely to survive to reproduce again
Semelparity:
- Single reproduction
- Many, smaller offspring
- Low survival rate offspring
- “One-shot” reproduction
Sex-specific survival due to differences in:
- Breeding behaviour (laying/incubation/gestation)
- Parental care
- Territoriality
- Hormonal effects on immune system
In density-independent populations, birth rate and death rate do not change
with population density.
In density-dependent populations, birth rates fall and/or death rates rise with
population density
Carrying capacity (K) = the maximum stable population size that a particular
environment can support. It is not fixed but varies over space and time with
the abuncance of limiting resources.
Density dependent growth regulators:
1. Competition for resources
2. Disease
3. Predation
4. Territoriality
5. Intrinsic factors
Population dynamics determine:
- Population density
- Dispersion & distribution patterns
- Demographics (age structure, fecundity)
Dispersal: movement of individual animal from its natal range to the place
where it reproduces. NOT: migration or local movement within home range.
