Test Bank For Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences 2nd Edition By Marc M. Triola; Mario F. Triola; Jason Roy |All Chapters |Updated 2025 Latest

Test Bank For Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences 2nd Edition By Marc M. Triola; Mario F. Triola; Jason Roy |All Chapters |Updated 2025 Latest Test Bank For Biostatistics for the Biological and Health Sciences 2nd Edition Author(s) Marc M. Triola; Mario F. Triola; Jason Roy @2024 Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics 1. Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter: The average (mean) weight of all newborns in a hospital over a month is 7.5 pounds. • A. Statistic • B. Parameter Answer: B Rationale: Since it refers to the entire population of newborns in the hospital, it is a parameter. 2. Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter: A survey of 100 patients found that 60% were satisfied with their healthcare. • A. Statistic • B. Parameter Answer: A Rationale: The value is based on a sample, making it a statistic. 3. Which of the following represents a population? • A. A sample of 200 patients from a hospital • B. All patients admitted to a hospital in 2023 • C. A group of patients selected for a study • D. 50 diabetic patients from a clinic Answer: B Rationale: A population includes all members of a group, while a sample is a subset of the population. 4. A nurse records the number of times each patient visits the clinic in a month. What type of data is this? • A. Discrete • B. Continuous • C. Nominal • D. Ordinal Answer: A Rationale: The number of visits is discrete data because it represents countable whole numbers. 5. A researcher measures the height of patients in a clinic. What level of measurement is height? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Height is measured on a ratio scale because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 6. Which type of data is temperature in Celsius? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: C Rationale: Temperature in Celsius is interval data because it has no true zero, but the differences between values are meaningful. 7. Determine whether the data is discrete or continuous: The number of babies born in a hospital each day. • A. Discrete • B. Continuous Answer: A Rationale: The number of babies born is discrete because it represents countable whole numbers. 8. Determine whether the data is discrete or continuous: The weight of each newborn in a hospital. • A. Discrete • B. Continuous Answer: B Rationale: Weight is continuous data because it can take any value within a range. 9. A nurse collects data on the number of days patients spend in the hospital. What level of measurement is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: The number of days is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 10. A researcher categorizes patients by blood type. What level of measurement is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: Blood type is nominal data because it represents categories without a meaningful order. 11. In a study, the ages of participants are recorded. What type of variable is age? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Age is ratio data because it has a true zero point and meaningful differences between values. 12. Determine the type of sampling used: A hospital administrator selects every 5th patient from a list of discharged patients. • A. Simple random sampling • B. Systematic sampling • C. Stratified sampling • D. Cluster sampling Answer: B Rationale: Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth member of a population. 13. A researcher randomly selects 20 patients from each department in a hospital. What type of sampling is this? • A. Simple random sampling • B. Systematic sampling • C. Stratified sampling • D. Cluster sampling Answer: C Rationale: Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups (departments) and sampling within those groups. 14. In an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment is known as the: • A. Experimental group • B. Control group • C. Independent variable • D. Dependent variable Answer: B Rationale: The control group is the group that does not receive the treatment and is used for comparison. 15. In an experiment, researchers study the effect of a new drug on blood pressure. The blood pressure is the: • A. Independent variable • B. Dependent variable • C. Control group • D. Experimental group Answer: B Rationale: The blood pressure is the dependent variable because it is the outcome being measured. 16. A nurse measures the cholesterol levels of patients before and after taking a new medication. This data is an example of which level of measurement? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Cholesterol levels are ratio data because they have a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 17. In a study, the number of patients who smoke is recorded as "yes" or "no." This is an example of what type of data? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: "Yes" or "No" data is nominal because it categorizes participants without a meaningful order. 18. Determine the level of measurement: A patient satisfaction survey asks patients to rate their experience as "Poor," "Fair," "Good," or "Excellent." • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: B Rationale: The survey responses are ordinal because they represent a ranked order. 19. A nurse records the systolic blood pressures of patients. What level of measurement is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Systolic blood pressure is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 20. In an experiment, patients are randomly assigned to two groups: one receiving a new treatment and one receiving a placebo. This is an example of: • A. Observational study • B. Experimental study • C. Case-control study • D. Cross-sectional study Answer: B Rationale: This is an experimental study because patients are assigned to groups and a variable (treatment) is manipulated. 21. A researcher asks patients to state their satisfaction with hospital services on a scale from 1 to 10. What type of data is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: B Rationale: Satisfaction ratings are ordinal because they represent ranked data. 22. A study tracks the number of times patients are readmitted to the hospital. What type of variable is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Discrete • D. Continuous Answer: C Rationale: The number of readmissions is discrete because it represents countable whole numbers. 23. A researcher collects data on the body temperature of patients. What level of measurement is body temperature in Fahrenheit? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: C Rationale: Body temperature in Fahrenheit is interval data because it has no true zero but the differences between values are meaningful. 24. A hospital administrator surveys 50 patients to estimate the satisfaction level of all patients discharged in a year. The survey results are an example of a: • A. Parameter • B. Statistic Answer: B Rationale: The results are a statistic because they are based on a sample of patients, not the entire population. 25. A nurse tracks the time (in minutes) it takes for patients to receive medication after a doctor’s order. What level of measurement is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Time in minutes is ratio data because it has a true zero point and meaningful differences between values. 26. In a study of patient outcomes, data is collected on whether patients survived (yes/no) after surgery. What type of data is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: Survival data is nominal because it is categorical with no inherent order. 27. A researcher measures the blood glucose levels of patients with diabetes. What type of data is blood glucose? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: C Rationale: Blood glucose is continuous data because it can take any value within a range. 28. A study collects data on the weight of babies born prematurely. What level of measurement is weight? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Weight is ratio data because it has a true zero point and meaningful differences between values. 29. Which of the following is an example of categorical (qualitative) data? • A. Age of patients • B. Blood pressure readings • C. Gender of patients • D. Number of doctor visits Answer: C Rationale: Gender is categorical data because it represents categories that cannot be measured numerically.30. In a study on smoking habits, participants are classified as "non-smoker," "former smoker," or "current smoker." This is an example of which type of data? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: Smoking status is nominal data because it represents categories without a meaningful order. 31. A hospital administrator measures the length of stay for patients after surgery. What level of measurement is the length of stay? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: The length of stay is ratio data because it has a true zero and differences between values are meaningful. 32. A nurse records the number of children in each family admitted to the hospital. What type of data is this? • A. Discrete • B. Continuous • C. Nominal • D. Ordinal Answer: A Rationale: The number of children is discrete data because it is a countable whole number. 33. In a survey, patients are asked to rate their pain on a scale of 1 to 10. This data is: • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: B Rationale: Pain ratings are ordinal data because they represent ranked categories. 34. A researcher records the time (in minutes) spent in physical therapy sessions. What type of data is this? • A. Discrete • B. Continuous • C. Nominal • D. Ordinal Answer: B Rationale: Time is continuous data because it can take any value within a range. 35. What type of sampling method is used when a nurse selects 20 random patient records from each department of a hospital? • A. Simple random sampling • B. Stratified sampling • C. Systematic sampling • D. Cluster sampling Answer: B Rationale: Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into groups (departments) and sampling within those groups. 36. A researcher randomly selects 5 hospitals and collects data from every patient in each hospital. What type of sampling is this? • A. Simple random sampling • B. Stratified sampling • C. Systematic sampling • D. Cluster sampling Answer: D Rationale: Cluster sampling involves dividing the population into clusters (hospitals) and sampling every individual within selected clusters. 37. A nurse records the gender of each patient admitted to the hospital. What type of data is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: Gender is nominal data because it represents categories without any inherent order. 38. In an experiment studying a new drug, the group that receives the placebo is called the: • A. Experimental group • B. Control group • C. Independent variable • D. Dependent variable Answer: B Rationale: The control group is the group that does not receive the treatment, serving as a comparison to the experimental group. 39. A study collects data on patients' body mass index (BMI). What level of measurement is BMI? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: BMI is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 40. A nurse collects data on patients’ heart rates before and after exercise. What type of data is heart rate? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: C Rationale: Heart rate is continuous data because it can take any value within a range. 41. A study collects data on the number of emergency room visits made by each patient in a year. What type of data is this? • A. Discrete • B. Continuous • C. Nominal • D. Ordinal Answer: A Rationale: The number of visits is discrete data because it is a countable whole number. 42. A nurse collects data on the cholesterol levels of patients. This is an example of what level of measurement? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Cholesterol levels are ratio data because they have a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 43. What type of variable is the number of medications a patient is prescribed? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: D Rationale: The number of medications is discrete data because it is a countable whole number. 44. In a study on obesity, participants' body fat percentages are recorded. What type of data is body fat percentage? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Body fat percentage is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 45. A hospital records the number of infections occurring in different wards. What type of variable is the number of infections? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: D Rationale: The number of infections is discrete data because it represents countable whole numbers. 46. In a clinical trial, researchers measure the time to recovery in days for each patient. What level of measurement is time to recovery? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Time to recovery is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 47. A study collects data on whether patients have hypertension (yes/no). What type of variable is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: A Rationale: Hypertension status (yes/no) is nominal data because it categorizes patients without any inherent order. 48. In a research study, participants are asked to rate their overall health as "Poor," "Fair," "Good," or "Excellent." What level of measurement is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: B Rationale: The ratings are ordinal because they represent ranked categories. 49. In an observational study, the independent variable is: • A. Manipulated by the researcher • B. The outcome being measured • C. Randomly assigned • D. Not manipulated Answer: D Rationale: In an observational study, variables are not manipulated by the researcher, only observed. 50. In an experimental study, the dependent variable is: • A. Manipulated by the researcher • B. The outcome being measured • C. Randomly assigned • D. A constant Answer: B Rationale: The dependent variable is the outcome being measured in an experimental study. 51. A researcher collects data on the systolic blood pressures of patients in a hypertension clinic. What type of variable is systolic blood pressure? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: C Rationale: Systolic blood pressure is continuous because it can take any value within a range. 52. In an observational study, patients’ ages are recorded. What level of measurement is age? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Age is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 53. A hospital tracks the number of patients who develop post-operative infections. What type of data is the number of infections? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: D Rationale: The number of infections is discrete data because it represents countable whole numbers. 54. A nurse records patients' temperatures using a Fahrenheit scale. What type of data is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: C Rationale: Temperature in Fahrenheit is interval data because it lacks a true zero but has meaningful differences between values. 55. In a clinical study, researchers want to compare the recovery times of two groups of patients. Recovery time is an example of: • A. Nominal data • B. Ordinal data • C. Interval data • D. Ratio data Answer: D Rationale: Recovery time is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. 56. A hospital tracks the number of patients admitted to the emergency room each day. What type of data is this? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Continuous • D. Discrete Answer: D Rationale: The number of patients admitted is discrete data because it represents countable whole numbers. 57. A nurse measures the heights of children in a pediatric clinic. What level of measurement is height? • A. Nominal • B. Ordinal • C. Interval • D. Ratio Answer: D Rationale: Height is ratio data because it has a true zero and meaningful differences between values. Chapter 2: Exploring Data with Tables and Graphs 1. What is the primary purpose of using a frequency distribution table in data analysis? A. To calculate the mean of the data B. To organize data into intervals or categories C. To determine the standard deviation D. To collect data for an experiment Answer: B Rationale: A frequency distribution table helps organize data into intervals or categories, making it easier to interpret. 2. A nurse is reviewing a bar chart that displays the number of patients admitted with heart disease in the last five years. Which type of data is best represented by a bar chart? A. Continuous data B. Categorical data C. Ordinal data D. Interval data Answer: B Rationale: Bar charts are typically used to represent categorical (qualitative) data, where each bar represents a distinct category. 3. Which of the following types of charts is best used to display the relative proportions of different categories of data? A. Histogram B. Box plot C. Pie chart D. Stem-and-leaf plot Answer: C Rationale: A pie chart is best used to show the relative proportions of different categories, as it divides the circle into proportional segments. 4. In a histogram, what does the height of each bar represent? A. The mean of the data B. The number of data points within each interval C. The median of the data D. The variability of the data Answer: B Rationale: In a histogram, the height of each bar represents the frequency of data points within each interval. 5. A researcher is constructing a frequency polygon. Which of the following types of graphs is most similar to a frequency polygon? A. Pie chart B. Line graph C. Bar graph D. Stem-and-leaf plot Answer: B Rationale: A frequency polygon is similar to a line graph because it connects the midpoints of intervals with straight lines. 6. Which of the following is the best graphical representation for displaying the distribution of continuous data? A. Pie chart B. Histogram C. Bar chart D. Box plot Answer: B Rationale: A histogram is used to display the distribution of continuous data, where the data is grouped into intervals. 7. A box plot provides which of the following pieces of information? A. The mode of the data B. The range, interquartile range, and outliers C. The frequency of data points D. The relative proportion of categories Answer: B Rationale: A box plot shows the range, interquartile range (IQR), median, and potential outliers. 8. What is the purpose of using a stem-and-leaf plot in data analysis? A. To display data in categories B. To show data distribution while preserving the original values C. To calculate the median D. To summarize categorical data Answer: B Rationale: A stem-and-leaf plot displays the distribution of data while keeping the original data points visible. 9. In a scatter plot, what is the relationship between the two variables being displayed? A. They are categorized into intervals B. One variable is dependent, and the other is independent C. They are both categorical variables D. They show frequencies within categories Answer: B Rationale: In a scatter plot, one variable is usually independent, and the other is dependent, with each point representing an observation of the relationship between the two. 10. Which of the following types of graphs is most useful for displaying the relationship between two continuous variables? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Scatter plot D. Histogram Answer: C Rationale: A scatter plot is used to display the relationship between two continuous variables. 11. A nurse uses a histogram to represent the distribution of patients' blood pressure. What type of data is blood pressure? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Continuous D. Discrete Answer: C Rationale: Blood pressure is continuous data, which is typically represented using a histogram. 12. A cumulative frequency graph shows: A. The total number of data points that fall within or below each interval B. The mean value of each interval C. The frequency of outliers D. The distribution of categorical data Answer: A Rationale: A cumulative frequency graph shows the total number of data points that fall within or below each interval. 13. Which of the following best describes a box-and-whisker plot? A. A graph used to display categorical data B. A visual representation of the mean and standard deviation C. A method for showing the spread and skewness of a data set D. A chart used to compare proportions between groups Answer: C Rationale: A box-and-whisker plot visually represents the spread (range) and potential skewness of a data set. 14. A nurse is analyzing a bar graph showing the number of patients who have been admitted to the emergency room in the past year. What key feature distinguishes a bar graph from a histogram? A. The bars in a bar graph do not touch each other B. A bar graph is used for continuous data C. A bar graph shows the distribution of a single variable D. The bars in a bar graph represent intervals Answer: A Rationale: The key feature that distinguishes a bar graph from a histogram is that the bars in a bar graph do not touch, as it represents categorical data. 15. When constructing a frequency distribution, which of the following should be considered to ensure clarity? A. The number of intervals should be as large as possible B. The intervals should be non-overlapping and cover all possible data values C. Each interval should contain the same number of data points D. Intervals can overlap as long as they cover all data points Answer: B Rationale: To ensure clarity in a frequency distribution, intervals should be nonoverlapping and cover all possible data values. 16. Which of the following graphical methods is best for displaying the spread and possible outliers in a data set? A. Histogram B. Bar chart C. Box plot D. Pie chart Answer: C Rationale: A box plot is used to display the spread, interquartile range, and potential outliers in a data set. 17. A nurse uses a scatter plot to examine the relationship between patients' age and cholesterol levels. What type of relationship would be indicated by points that slope upward from left to right? A. No relationship B. Negative correlation C. Positive correlation D. Non-linear relationship Answer: C Rationale: An upward slope from left to right indicates a positive correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, so does the other. 18. A histogram is constructed to represent patient weights in a clinic. What characteristic of the data is the histogram most useful for displaying? A. Central tendency B. Spread of the data C. Shape of the distribution D. Correlation between variables Answer: C Rationale: A histogram is most useful for displaying the shape of the data distribution (e.g., normal, skewed). 19. What does the interquartile range (IQR) in a box plot represent? A. The difference between the maximum and minimum values B. The range of the middle 50% of the data C. The standard deviation of the data set D. The mode of the data set Answer: B Rationale: The interquartile range (IQR) represents the range of the middle 50% of the data, from the first quartile to the third quartile. 20. In a box plot, what do the "whiskers" represent? A. The range of the middle 50% of the data B. The maximum and minimum values of the data C. The outliers of the data D. The range of the data excluding outliers Answer: D Rationale: The whiskers in a box plot represent the range of the data, excluding any potential outliers. 21. Which of the following graphical methods can be used to compare the distributions of two or more groups? A. Pie chart B. Histogram C. Box plot D. Stem-and-leaf plot Answer: C Rationale: A box plot allows for the comparison of distributions across multiple groups by displaying the median, quartiles, and range of each group. 22. When examining a bar chart, the nurse notices that the bars are separated by spaces. What does this indicate about the data? A. The data is continuous B. The data is categorical C. The data is skewed D. The data shows a positive correlation Answer: B Rationale: The separation between the bars in a bar chart indicates that the data is categorical (qualitative). 23. In a frequency polygon, how are the data points connected? A. By horizontal lines B. By curved lines C. By straight lines between midpoints D. By vertical bars Answer: C Rationale: In a frequency polygon, the data points are connected by straight lines between the midpoints of each class interval. 24. A nurse uses a pie chart to display the percentage of patients with different blood types. What does the size of each slice of the pie represent? A. The number of patients with a specific blood type B. The relative proportion of patients with each blood type C. The range of patients' ages D. The total number of patients tested Answer: B Rationale: The size of each slice in a pie chart represents the relative proportion of patients with a specific blood type. 25. Which of the following is a key difference between a bar chart and a histogram? A. A bar chart is used for continuous data, while a histogram is used for categorical data B. A bar chart displays relative frequencies, while a histogram displays cumulative frequencies C. Bars in a bar chart do not touch, while bars in a histogram touch D. A bar chart shows distributions, while a histogram shows trends over time Answer: C Rationale: In a bar chart, the bars do not touch each other, while in a histogram, the bars are adjacent to represent continuous data. 26. A nurse is reviewing a scatter plot that shows no clear upward or downward trend. What does this indicate about the relationship between the two variables? A. A strong positive correlation B. A strong negative correlation C. No correlation D. A curvilinear relationship Answer: C Rationale: A scatter plot with no clear upward or downward trend indicates no correlation between the two variables. 27. A researcher wants to show the range and distribution of patients' cholesterol levels. Which graph would be most appropriate? A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Box plot D. Line graph Answer: C Rationale: A box plot is ideal for showing the range, interquartile range, and distribution of cholesterol levels. 28. When using a frequency polygon, how should the x-axis be labeled? A. With categories or intervals B. With cumulative frequencies C. With the total sample size D. With percentages Answer: A Rationale: In a frequency polygon, the x-axis is labeled with categories or intervals representing the data. 29. A nurse uses a stem-and-leaf plot to display patient temperature data. What is one advantage of using this plot? A. It shows the range of the data B. It maintains the original data values C. It groups data into intervals D. It highlights outliers Answer: B Rationale: A stem-and-leaf plot preserves the original data values while showing the distribution. 30. What does the median line in a box plot represent? A. The mean of the data B. The middle value of the data C. The mode of the data D. The range of the data Answer: B Rationale: The median line in a box plot represents the middle value of the data set. 31. A nurse is comparing the ages of patients admitted for different types of surgeries using box plots. What information can the nurse gain from these box plots? A. The correlation between surgery type and age B. The average age of patients for each surgery C. The distribution and range of ages for each surgery type D. The mode of ages for each surgery type Answer: C Rationale: Box plots provide information about the distribution, range, and interquartile range of ages for each surgery type. 32. Which of the following would indicate a skewed distribution in a histogram? A. Symmetry around the central value B. Equal heights of the bars C. A tail that extends to one side D. A peak at the center Answer: C Rationale: A skewed distribution in a histogram is indicated by a tail that extends more to one side, either to the left (negative skew) or to the right (positive skew). 33. A nurse wants to compare the distribution of heart rates among patients on different medications. Which graphical method is most appropriate for this comparison? A. Pie chart B. Bar graph C. Box plot D. Scatter plot Answer: C Rationale: A box plot is most appropriate for comparing the distributions of heart rates among different medication groups, as it displays the range, quartiles, and potential outliers. 34. In a cumulative frequency distribution, what does each point on the graph represent? A. The total frequency of a specific category B. The frequency of data points in a specific interval C. The cumulative number of data points up to that point D. The mean value of each interval Answer: C Rationale: In a cumulative frequency distribution, each point represents the cumulative number of data points up to that specific value or interval. 35. A researcher is analyzing data on the length of hospital stays for patients. Which of the following graphs would be most appropriate for displaying the overall distribution of this continuous data? A. Bar chart B. Histogram C. Pie chart D. Scatter plot Answer: B Rationale: A histogram is most appropriate for displaying the distribution of continuous data like the length of hospital stays, as it groups the data into intervals. 36. A scatter plot reveals a downward sloping pattern from left to right. What does this pattern suggest about the relationship between the two variables? A. No correlation B. Positive correlation C. Negative correlation D. A non-linear relationship Answer: C Rationale: A downward sloping pattern in a scatter plot suggests a negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other decreases. 37. A nurse uses a pie chart to represent the percentage of patients in different age groups. What must the sum of all the percentages in the pie chart equal? A. 50% B. 100% C. 150% D. 200% Answer: B Rationale: In a pie chart, the sum of all percentages must equal 100%, representing the whole data set. 38. Which of the following is a major advantage of using a stem-and-leaf plot? A. It shows the exact frequencies of the data B. It represents the mean and standard deviation C. It preserves the actual data values D. It highlights the cumulative frequency Answer: C Rationale: A major advantage of a stem-and-leaf plot is that it preserves the actual data values, making it easier to see individual observations. 39. A nurse constructs a histogram showing the number of medications prescribed to patients. The bars on the histogram touch each other. What does this indicate about the data? A. The data is continuous B. The data is categorical C. The data shows a negative correlation D. The data is discrete Answer: A Rationale: In a histogram, the bars touch because the data is continuous, with no gaps between intervals. 40. Which of the following is true about the relationship between a bar chart and a pie chart? A. Both display continuous data B. Both display categorical data C. A pie chart displays data frequencies, while a bar chart shows proportions D. A pie chart is used for correlation analysis, while a bar chart is used for distributions Answer: B Rationale: Both bar charts and pie charts are used to display categorical data. 41. A nurse uses a scatter plot to analyze the relationship between a patient's age and recovery time. What does a clustering of points around a straight line in the scatter plot indicate? A. A strong correlation B. No relationship C. An increasing variance D. A decrease in outliers Answer: A Rationale: A clustering of points around a straight line in a scatter plot indicates a strong correlation between the two variables. 42. When analyzing a box plot, the nurse notices that the median line is closer to the lower quartile. What does this suggest about the distribution? A. The data is symmetrical B. The data is negatively skewed C. The data has no skewness D. The data is positively skewed Answer: D Rationale: If the median line is closer to the lower quartile, the data is positively skewed, with more data points clustered in the lower values and a longer tail extending to higher values. 43. A nurse is using a frequency polygon to display patient temperature data. What key feature distinguishes a frequency polygon from a histogram? A. The frequency polygon uses lines to connect midpoints, while the histogram uses bars B. The frequency polygon shows discrete data, while the histogram shows continuous data C. The frequency polygon is used for categorical data, while the histogram is used for numerical data D. The frequency polygon shows cumulative frequencies, while the histogram shows relative frequencies Answer: A Rationale: A frequency polygon uses lines to connect the midpoints of intervals, whereas a histogram uses bars to display frequencies within intervals. 44. In a cumulative frequency graph, the curve is steep at first and then flattens out. What does this suggest about the data? A. Most data points fall within the earlier intervals B. The data has a strong positive correlation C. There are few data points in the earlier intervals D. The data is evenly distributed across all intervals Answer: A Rationale: A steep curve followed by flattening in a cumulative frequency graph indicates that most data points fall within the earlier intervals. 45. A nurse creates a bar chart showing the number of patients with different types of infections. What should the nurse keep in mind when interpreting the chart? A. Bar charts display relationships between variables B. Bar charts are useful for showing the distribution of continuous data C. Bar charts are best used for comparing categorical data D. Bar charts are used to show correlation between variables Answer: C Rationale: Bar charts are best used for comparing categorical data, such as the number of patients with different types of infections. 46. A nurse is reviewing a histogram showing the distribution of patients' systolic blood pressure. The histogram has a long tail to the right. What does this indicate about the data? A. The data is normally distributed B. The data is negatively skewed C. The data is positively skewed D. The data shows no skewness Answer: C Rationale: A long tail to the right in a histogram indicates a positive skew, meaning there are more lower values and fewer higher values. 47. When examining a box plot, the nurse notes that there are data points outside the "whiskers." What does this signify? A. The data has a normal distribution B. The data includes outliers C. The data is symmetrical D. The range of the data is too narrow Answer: B Rationale: Data points outside the whiskers of a box plot indicate outliers, which are values significantly higher or lower than the rest of the data. 48. A researcher uses a pie chart to represent the percentage of patients who prefer different methods of pain management. What is a limitation of using a pie chart in this context? A. Pie charts are not suitable for categorical data B. Pie charts are difficult to interpret when there are many categories C. Pie charts do not show the total sample size D. Pie charts do not show the distribution of continuous data Answer: B Rationale: Pie charts can become difficult to interpret when there are too many categories, making it hard to compare the sizes of the slices. 49. In a scatter plot, what does it mean if the data points form a roughly horizontal line? A. There is a strong positive correlation B. There is a strong negative correlation C. There is no correlation between the variables D. There is a perfect linear relationship Answer: C Rationale: A horizontal line in a scatter plot indicates no correlation between the two variables. 50. A nurse creates a frequency polygon to display the distribution of patients' ages. What is a primary advantage of using a frequency polygon over a histogram? A. Frequency polygons show the exact frequencies of each interval B. Frequency polygons are easier to interpret for large data sets C. Frequency polygons allow for easier comparison of multiple data sets D. Frequency polygons can display cumulative data Answer: C Rationale: Frequency polygons are advantageous when comparing multiple data sets because they can be plotted on the same graph for easy comparison. 51. A nurse is reviewing a scatter plot showing patient weight and blood pressure. The points show a clear upward trend. What does this suggest? A. A positive correlation between weight and blood pressure B. A negative correlation between weight and blood pressure C. No correlation between weight and blood pressure D. A curvilinear relationship between weight and blood pressure Answer: A Rationale: An upward trend in the scatter plot suggests a positive correlation, meaning that as weight increases, blood pressure tends to increase as well. 52. When using a box plot, the nurse notices that one group has a much wider interquartile range (IQR) than another group. What does this indicate? A. The data in this group is normally distributed B. This group has a larger range of data values C. This group has more outliers D. This group has a higher mean Answer: B Rationale: A wider interquartile range (IQR) indicates a larger spread of the middle 50% of the data, suggesting a wider range of values. 53. A nurse wants to display the proportions of patients using different types of wound care products. Which type of graph would be most appropriate? A. Histogram B. Pie chart C. Scatter plot D. Box plot Answer: B Rationale: A pie chart is the most appropriate graph for showing proportions or percentages of different categories, such as types of wound care products. 54. In a stem-and-leaf plot, what does the "stem" represent? A. The cumulative frequency B. The leading digits of the data values C. The median of the data D. The frequency of each category Answer: B Rationale: In a stem-and-leaf plot, the "stem" represents the leading digits of the data values, while the "leaf" represents the trailing digits. 55. A researcher uses a box plot to display patient blood sugar levels. What does it mean if the median line is located closer to the upper quartile? A. The data is positively skewed B. The data is negatively skewed C. The data is symmetrical D. The data has no skewness Answer: B Rationale: If the median line is closer to the upper quartile, the data is negatively skewed, meaning there are more higher values and fewer lower values. 56. A nurse uses a frequency distribution table to summarize the number of medications taken by patients in a clinic. Which type of data is being displayed? A. Continuous data B. Categorical data C. Discrete data D. Nominal data Answer: C Rationale: The number of medications taken by patients is discrete data because it represents countable values. 57. A researcher creates a scatter plot with a clear downward trend. What can the researcher conclude about the relationship between the two variables? A. The variables are not related B. There is a positive correlation between the variables C. There is a negative correlation between the variables D. There is no correlation between the variables Answer: C Rationale: A downward trend in a scatter plot indicates a negative correlation, meaning that as one variable increases, the other decreases. 58. When constructing a bar chart, the nurse ensures there is space between the bars. What type of data is this bar chart most likely displaying? A. Discrete data B. Continuous data C. Ordinal data D. Categorical data Answer: D Rationale: The space between bars in a bar chart indicates that the data is categorical, as opposed to continuous. 59. A nurse uses a box plot to display the range of heart rates for two patient groups. In one group, the box plot has longer whiskers compared to the other group. What does this suggest about the data for this group? A. This group has more outliers B. This group has a larger interquartile range (IQR) C. This group has a wider range of heart rates D. This group has a higher median heart rate Answer: C Rationale: Longer whiskers in a box plot indicate a wider range of data values, suggesting more variability in heart rates for this group. 60. In a pie chart, one slice represents 25% of the data. What fraction of the total data does this slice represent? A. 1/3 B. 1/4 C. 1/5 D. 1/6 Answer: B Rationale: A slice that represents 25% of the data is equal to one-fourth (1/4) of the total data. Chapter 3: Describing, Exploring, and Comparing Data 1. A nurse is calculating the mean body temperature of a group of patients. Which measure best describes the mean? A. The most frequently occurring temperature B. The middle value of the temperature data C. The sum of all temperatures divided by the number of patients D. The difference between the highest and lowest temperature Answer: C Rationale: The mean is calculated by adding all the values and dividing by the number of observations. 2. A nurse observes that the mean recovery time from surgery is significantly higher than the median recovery time. What does this suggest about the distribution of recovery times? A. The data is positively skewed B. The data is negatively skewed C. The data is normally distributed D. The data has no outliers Answer: A Rationale: When the mean is greater than the median, the data is typically positively skewed, meaning there are some higher recovery times pulling the mean upward. 3. Which of the following measures is resistant to the effect of outliers? A. Mean B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Range Answer: B Rationale: The median is not affected by outliers and better represents the center of a skewed distribution. 4. A nurse calculates the standard deviation of patient cholesterol levels. What does a larger standard deviation indicate about the data? A. The data values are closer to the mean B. The data values are spread out from the mean C. The data is negatively skewed D. The data is normally distributed Answer: B Rationale: A larger standard deviation indicates that the data values are more spread out from the mean. 5. A nurse finds that the range of systolic blood pressure in a group of patients is 60 mmHg. What does the range represent? A. The difference between the first and third quartiles B. The difference between the highest and lowest values C. The average of the blood pressure values D. The sum of all blood pressure values Answer: B Rationale: The range is calculated as the difference between the highest and lowest values in the data set. 6. A nurse calculates the interquartile range (IQR) of patient ages. What does the IQR represent? A. The range of all patient ages B. The range of the middle 50% of patient ages C. The average of all patient ages D. The variance of patient ages Answer: B Rationale: The interquartile range (IQR) represents the range of the middle 50% of the data, between the first and third quartiles. 7. What is the purpose of calculating the variance of a data set? A. To find the range of the data B. To measure the spread of the data C. To find the middle value of the data D. To calculate the mean of the data Answer: B Rationale: Variance measures how much the data points differ from the mean, indicating the spread of the data. 8. A nurse wants to compare the dispersion of blood glucose levels between two groups. Which of the following should be used? A. Mean B. Median C. Standard deviation D. Mode Answer: C Rationale: The standard deviation is a measure of dispersion, which indicates how spread out the data values are. 9. In a symmetric distribution of data, which of the following is true? A. Mean > Median > Mode B. Mean = Median = Mode C. Mean < Median < Mode D. Mean = Mode, but Median is larger Answer: B Rationale: In a symmetric distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all equal. 10. A nurse is comparing the median blood pressure of two groups of patients. What does the median represent in this context? A. The most frequently occurring blood pressure B. The middle value of blood pressure when arranged in order C. The difference between the highest and lowest blood pressures D. The standard deviation of blood pressure Answer: B Rationale: The median is the middle value when the data is arranged in ascending or descending order. 11. A nurse calculates the mode of patient pain scores. What does the mode represent? A. The average pain score B. The middle value of pain scores C. The most frequently occurring pain score D. The difference between the highest and lowest pain scores Answer: C Rationale: The mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set. 12. When analyzing data on patient heights, the nurse finds two modes. What type of distribution is this? A. Unimodal B. Bimodal C. Symmetric D. Skewed Answer: B Rationale: A bimodal distribution has two modes, meaning two values occur most frequently. 13. What is the primary purpose of calculating a z-score? A. To find the middle value of a data set B. To measure how far a data point is from the mean in terms of standard deviations C. To find the range of data values D. To calculate the variance of the data Answer: B Rationale: A z-score measures how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean. 14. A nurse calculates the z-score for a patient’s hemoglobin level, and it is 2.5. What does this z-score indicate? A. The patient’s hemoglobin level is below the mean B. The patient’s hemoglobin level is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean C. The patient’s hemoglobin level is the median value D. The patient’s hemoglobin level is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean Answer: B Rationale: A z-score of 2.5 indicates that the patient's hemoglobin level is 2.5 standard deviations above the mean. 15. A nurse wants to calculate the coefficient of variation (CV) for patient weights in two different groups. What does the CV measure? A. The total sum of all patient weights B. The relative variability of the data in percentage terms C. The middle value of patient weights D. The number of patients in each group Answer: B Rationale: The coefficient of variation (CV) measures the relative variability of the data as a percentage of the mean. 16. A researcher calculates the mean, median, and mode for a data set. If the data is normally distributed, what is the relationship between these three measures? A. Mean > Median > Mode B. Mean < Median < Mode C. Mean = Median = Mode D. Mode > Median > Mean Answer: C Rationale: In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal. 17. A nurse finds that the standard deviation of a patient’s temperature readings is zero. What does this indicate? A. The data has no variability B. The data has extreme variability C. The mean temperature is zero D. The data is positively skewed Answer: A Rationale: A standard deviation of zero indicates that all the data points are the same, meaning there is no variability. 18. A researcher creates a box plot for two groups of patients. In one group, the box is much narrower than the other. What does this suggest about the data for that group? A. The data has more variability B. The data is more concentrated around the median C. The data is positively skewed D. The data has more outliers Answer: B Rationale: A narrower box in a box plot indicates that the data is more concentrated around the median and has less variability. 19. A nurse calculates the range of patient ages in a data set. Which of the following is true about the range? A. It is affected by outliers B. It represents the average of the data C. It is resistant to outliers D. It is always equal to the standard deviation Answer: A Rationale: The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a data set, and it is sensitive to outliers. 20. In a positively skewed distribution of patient pain scores, which of the following is true? A. The mean is greater than the median B. The mean is less than the median C. The mean equals the median D. The mode is greater than the mean Answer: A Rationale: In a positively skewed distribution, the mean is greater than the median due to the influence of higher values. 21. A nurse calculates the variance for patient weights. What does a higher variance indicate about the data? A. The data points are closer to the mean B. The data points are spread further from the mean C. The data has no outliers D. The data is normally distributed Answer: B Rationale: A higher variance indicates that the data points are more spread out from the mean. 22. In a data set showing patient cholesterol levels, the nurse calculates both the range and the interquartile range (IQR). Which measure provides more information about the spread of the middle 50% of the data? A. Range B. Mean C. Interquartile range D. Standard deviation Answer: C Rationale: The interquartile range (IQR) provides information about the spread of the middle 50% of the data, excluding outliers. 23. When analyzing patient hemoglobin levels, a nurse finds that the data is negatively skewed. Which of the following is true? A. The mean is greater than the median B. The median is greater than the mean C. The data has no outliers D. The mean equals the median Answer: B Rationale: In a negatively skewed distribution, the mean is typically less than the median because lower values pull the mean downward. 24. A nurse calculates a patient's z-score for their systolic blood pressure, and the result is -1.5. What does this z-score indicate? A. The patient's systolic blood pressure is 1.5 standard deviations below the mean B. The patient's systolic blood pressure is 1.5 standard deviations above the mean C. The patient's systolic blood pressure is the median value D. The patient's systolic blood pressure is the most frequent value Answer: A Rationale: A z-score of -1.5 indicates that the patient's systolic blood pressure is 1.5 standard deviations below the mean. 25. A researcher collects data on patient lengths of stay in the hospital and wants to identify outliers. Which graphical method would best help in identifying outliers? A. Histogram B. Box plot C. Bar chart D. Pie chart Answer: B Rationale: A box plot is useful for identifying outliers, as points that fall outside the whiskers of the plot are considered outliers. 26. A nurse calculates the standard deviation of patient weights to be 8 kg. What does this value represent? A. The average weight of the patients B. The average difference between patient weights and the mean C. The range of patient weights D. The most frequent patient weight Answer: B Rationale: The standard deviation represents the average amount by which the individual data points (weights) deviate from the mean. 27. A nurse is analyzing the distribution of body mass index (BMI) for a group of patients. If the distribution is symmetric, what can be said about the relationship between the mean, median, and mode? A. The mean is greater than the median B. The mean is less than the mode C. The mean, median, and mode are all equal D. The mode is greater than the median Answer: C Rationale: In a symmetric distribution, the mean, median, and mode are all equal. 28. A nurse calculates the mode of patient diastolic blood pressure readings. Which of the following statements is true about the mode? A. It represents the average blood pressure B. It represents the most frequently occurring blood pressure C. It represents the middle value of the data D. It represents the range of blood pressure values Answer: B Rationale: The mode represents the most frequently occurring value in a data set. 29. A nurse is reviewing data on patient recovery times. Which measure would best describe the variability of the recovery times? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Standard deviation Answer: D Rationale: The standard deviation is a measure of the variability or spread of the data. 30. In a skewed data set, which measure of central tendency is most appropriate to use? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range Answer: B Rationale: The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data, making it the most appropriate measure of central tendency in such cases. 31. A researcher finds that a patient’s z-score for their white blood cell count is 0. What does this z-score indicate? A. The patient’s white blood cell count is the median B. The patient’s white blood cell count is at the mean C. The patient’s white blood cell count is the mode D. The patient’s white blood cell count is an outlier Answer: B Rationale: A z-score of 0 indicates that the value is exactly at the mean of the data set. 32. A nurse is reviewing a report that shows the variance of patient lengths of stay. Which of the following statements is true about variance? A. Variance is the square root of the standard deviation B. Variance is the square of the standard deviation C. Variance represents the middle value of the data D. Variance is a measure of central tendency Answer: B Rationale: Variance is the square of the standard deviation and measures how spread out the data values are. 33. A nurse is comparing two groups of patients’ cholesterol levels. One group has a standard deviation of 5 mg/dL, and the other group has a standard deviation of 15 mg/dL. What can the nurse conclude about the two groups? A. The second group has more variability in cholesterol levels B. The first group has more variability in cholesterol levels C. Both groups have the same level of variability D. Both groups have the same mean cholesterol level Answer: A Rationale: A larger standard deviation (15 mg/dL) indicates that the second group has more variability in cholesterol levels. 34. A nurse wants to know the percentage of patients who have a BMI within one standard deviation of the mean. Assuming a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean? A. 50% B. 68% C. 95% D. 99% Answer: B Rationale: In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean. 35. A nurse is analyzing a histogram of patient blood pressure readings. The histogram has two distinct peaks. What type of distribution does this suggest? A. Unimodal B. Bimodal C. Symmetric D. Positively skewed Answer: B Rationale: A histogram with two distinct peaks indicates a bimodal distribution, where two values or ranges of values occur more frequently. 36. A nurse is using the five-number summary to describe patient cholesterol levels. Which of the following is not part of the five-number summary? A. Mean B. Minimum C. Median D. Maximum Answer: A Rationale: The five-number summary includes the minimum, first quartile, median, third quartile, and maximum, but not the mean. 37. A nurse creates a box plot for two patient groups. In one group, the median line is close to the lower quartile. What does this suggest about the data for that group? A. The data is positively skewed B. The data is negatively skewed C. The data has no outliers D. The data is normally distributed Answer: A Rationale: If the median line is closer to the lower quartile, the data is positively skewed, meaning there are more low values and fewer high values. 38. In a symmetric distribution of patient hemoglobin levels, which measure of central tendency would provide the most accurate description of the data? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range Answer: A Rationale: In a symmetric distribution, the mean provides the most accurate measure of central tendency since it is equal to the median and mode. 39. A nurse wants to describe the spread of patient heart rates. Which measure would be most affected by an outlier? A. Median B. Mode C. Range D. Interquartile range Answer: C Rationale: The range, which is the difference between the highest and lowest values, is most affected by outliers. 40. A researcher calculates the coefficient of variation (CV) for two patient groups. One group has a CV of 20%, and the other has a CV of 10%. What can be concluded about the variability in these groups? A. The first group has more relative variability B. The second group has more relative variability C. Both groups have the same relative variability D. The first group has less relative variability Answer: A Rationale: A higher coefficient of variation (CV) indicates greater relative variability in the data. 41. A nurse is reviewing a dataset of patient heights and notices that the data is heavily skewed to the right. Which measure of central tendency would be most appropriate to report? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range Answer: B Rationale: The median is the best measure of central tendency in a right-skewed distribution, as it is less affected by extreme values. 42. In a clinical study, the interquartile range (IQR) is calculated to be 15. What does this indicate about the dataset? A. The data has no variability B. The middle 50% of the data spans 15 units C. The data is normally distributed D. The average value of the data is 15 Answer: B Rationale: The interquartile range (IQR) represents the range of the middle 50% of the data. 43. A nurse compares the standard deviation of two datasets: one from a group of elderly patients and one from a group of young adults. If the standard deviation of the elderly group is significantly higher, what does this indicate? A. The elderly patients have similar values B. The elderly patients' values are more spread out C. The elderly patients' values are all equal D. The young adult group has more variability Answer: B Rationale: A higher standard deviation in the elderly group indicates that their values are more spread out from the mean. 44. In a clinical trial, the results of two treatment groups show means of 50 and 60 with standard deviations of 5 and 10, respectively. Which group has more variability in treatment outcomes? A. Treatment group with mean 50 B. Treatment group with mean 60 C. Both groups have the same variability D. Cannot be determined from the means Answer: B Rationale: The second group (mean 60, SD 10) has a larger standard deviation, indicating more variability in treatment outcomes. 45. A box plot for patient blood pressure readings shows that the whiskers extend significantly beyond the quartiles. What does this suggest about the data? A. The data is normally distributed B. There are outliers present in the data C. The data has low variability D. The median is equal to the mean Answer: B Rationale: Whiskers extending significantly beyond the quartiles indicate the presence of outliers in the data. 46. A nurse is interpreting a histogram of patient ages that is skewed to the left. Which of the following is true about this distribution? A. Most patients are younger B. Most patients are older C. The mean is greater than the median D. The median is greater than the mode Answer: B Rationale: A left-skewed distribution indicates that most patients are older, with some younger ages pulling the mean down. 47. A researcher calculates the correlation coefficient for two variables and finds it to be - 0.8. What does this indicate about the relationship between the two variables? A. A strong positive relationship B. A weak positive relationship C. A strong negative relationship D. No relationship Answer: C Rationale: A correlation coefficient of -0.8 indicates a strong negative relationship between the two variables. 48. A nurse measures the body temperature of patients over several days and finds that the mean temperature is 98.6°F. If one patient has a temperature of 104°F, how will this affect the mean? A. The mean will decrease B. The mean will remain the same C. The mean will increase D. The mean cannot be determined Answer: C Rationale: A temperature of 104°F is significantly higher than the mean, which will pull the mean upwards. 49. A researcher is studying the effect of diet on weight loss and wants to ensure that the sample is representative of the population. Which sampling method should they use? A. Convenience sampling B. Random sampling C. Systematic sampling D. Judgmental sampling Answer: B Rationale: Random sampling ensures that every individual has an equal chance of being selected, making the sample more representative of the population. 50. A nurse finds that a patient’s cholesterol levels have a standard deviation of 20 mg/dL. If the mean cholesterol level is 200 mg/dL, what range would cover approximately 68% of patients' cholesterol levels in a normal distribution? A. 180 to 220 mg/dL B. 160 to 240 mg/dL C. 200 to 220 mg/dL D. 200 to 240 mg/dL Answer: A Rationale: In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean (200 ± 20). 51. A nurse reviews patient blood pressure readings and finds a high degree of variability. Which measure would best summarize the central tendency of this data? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range Answer: B Rationale: The median is often a better measure of central tendency when there is high variability, especially if the data is skewed. 52. A clinical study shows that the median recovery time for a procedure is significantly less than the mean recovery time. What does this suggest about the recovery times? A. Recovery times are normally distributed B. Recovery times are negatively skewed C. Recovery times are positively skewed D. Recovery times are evenly distributed Answer: C Rationale: When the mean is greater than the median, it suggests that the data is positively skewed, indicating that there are some longer recovery times pulling the mean upward. 53. A researcher wants to compare two groups of patients based on their weight. Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups? A. Paired t-test B. Independent t-test C. ANOVA D. Chi-square test Answer: B Rationale: An independent t-test is appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups. 54. In a clinical study, the interquartile range (IQR) of patient weights is calculated to be 25 kg. What can be inferred from this? A. The mean weight of patients is 25 kg B. The middle 50% of patient weights vary by 25 kg C. The data has no variability D. The average weight of patients is 25 kg Answer: B Rationale: The IQR indicates the range of the middle 50% of patient weights, showing variability in that portion of the data. 55. A nurse assesses the normality of a dataset for patient glucose levels. Which test would be appropriate to check for normality? A. Chi-square test B. Shapiro-Wilk test C. t-test D. ANOVA Answer: B Rationale: The Shapiro-Wilk test is commonly used to assess whether a dataset is normally distributed. 56. A nurse records the frequencies of different blood types i