HUMANITARIAN AND SECURITY LAW
LECTURE NOTES: EU ASPECTS
5. EU DIMENSIONS
Outline
1. The long and winding road to a European defence
2. Framing the minds: from the European Security Strategy over the Global Strategy to
the Strategic Compass
3. EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP_
a. Treaty Provisions
b. Actors
c. Missions
d. Permanent Structured Cooperation
4. EU Guidelines on IHL/HRL: Words and Diplomacy
5. EU Actions in International organisations
► We are currently living in an unprecedented time of Peace in Europe (and
Globally).
5.1. THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD TO A EUROPEAN DEFENCE
► 1947: Dunkirk Treaty UK-France later on expanded to BENELUX
► 1948: Brussels Treaty: UK, FR, Benelux, mutual assistance (Art. 4) => Western
European Union (Modified Brussels Treaty 1954)
► 1949: Washington Treaty, NATO (Art. V mutual defence)
► 1950: European Defence Community (intergovernmental efforts along the European
Coal and Steel Community) => Failure in 1954 (did not pass the French Parliament)
o In the face of soviet threat, euroepan countries had to put their forces together
(defence and military wise)
o France rejects it then it falls apart
o “defence” became a taboo for almost 40 years within European integration it
was left to NATO and WEU.
o West Germany is exceeding to NATO
► 1992: Maastricht Treaty: WEU as ‘Implementer’ => ‘Petersberg Tasks’
o European integreation process comes back to the area of defence
o Treaty on EU
o CFSP very different from the Community level of working (Community level is
supranational;)
1
, HUMANITARIAN AND SECURITY LAW
LECTURE NOTES: EU ASPECTS
o CFSP is intragovernamental: decides the Council of Ministers on the basis of
unanimous consent of MS; European Council and the council of Ministers very
slow and inept
o Original CFSP chapter was very different from the current one
o CFSP changes every treaty; an experiment
o A change of the narrative from the failed Defence Community
o EU created as an umbrella of the 3 European Communities => along them there
was a CFSP.
Problem was that the EU did not have the capabilities to do much under
the CFSP the WEU was seen as the implementer of certain EU decisions
(revival of the WEU).
Petersberg tasks (defined in a meeting of the WEU in Germany) – relate to
certain crisis-management operations.-->peace keeping, peace
enfrocemmnt etc
► 1997: Amsterdam Treaty: incorporation of the Petersberg Tasks in the EU Treaty.
► 1998: St. Mallo Summit UK – France
o “the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible
military forces, the means to decide to use them, and a readiness to do so, in
order to respond to international crises.”
o Triggered new dynamics in EU defence (also partially triggered by the crises in
the Balkans – e.g. Kosovo)
► June 1999: Cologne European Council
► December 1999: Helsinki Headline Goals (Helsinki European Council)
o => formulation of more ambitious goals for autonomous defence.
► 2002: transfer of WEU agencies to EU: EU ISS (Institute for Security Studies), Satellite
Centre (within the context of the Nice Treaty).
o March 2003: Berlin Plus Agreement EU-NATO
Not really implemented.
o 2004: Creation of European Defence Agency (EDA)
Actual legal basis for it – in the Lisbon Treaty.
o December 2009: Lisbon Treaty enters into force.
=> Much more ambitious CFSP
Emerging separation of defence matters in a CSDP.
o The inefficiencies of “non-Europe” in defence matters – idea we are
wasting an enormous amount of money by not cooperating.
2
LECTURE NOTES: EU ASPECTS
5. EU DIMENSIONS
Outline
1. The long and winding road to a European defence
2. Framing the minds: from the European Security Strategy over the Global Strategy to
the Strategic Compass
3. EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP_
a. Treaty Provisions
b. Actors
c. Missions
d. Permanent Structured Cooperation
4. EU Guidelines on IHL/HRL: Words and Diplomacy
5. EU Actions in International organisations
► We are currently living in an unprecedented time of Peace in Europe (and
Globally).
5.1. THE LONG AND WINDING ROAD TO A EUROPEAN DEFENCE
► 1947: Dunkirk Treaty UK-France later on expanded to BENELUX
► 1948: Brussels Treaty: UK, FR, Benelux, mutual assistance (Art. 4) => Western
European Union (Modified Brussels Treaty 1954)
► 1949: Washington Treaty, NATO (Art. V mutual defence)
► 1950: European Defence Community (intergovernmental efforts along the European
Coal and Steel Community) => Failure in 1954 (did not pass the French Parliament)
o In the face of soviet threat, euroepan countries had to put their forces together
(defence and military wise)
o France rejects it then it falls apart
o “defence” became a taboo for almost 40 years within European integration it
was left to NATO and WEU.
o West Germany is exceeding to NATO
► 1992: Maastricht Treaty: WEU as ‘Implementer’ => ‘Petersberg Tasks’
o European integreation process comes back to the area of defence
o Treaty on EU
o CFSP very different from the Community level of working (Community level is
supranational;)
1
, HUMANITARIAN AND SECURITY LAW
LECTURE NOTES: EU ASPECTS
o CFSP is intragovernamental: decides the Council of Ministers on the basis of
unanimous consent of MS; European Council and the council of Ministers very
slow and inept
o Original CFSP chapter was very different from the current one
o CFSP changes every treaty; an experiment
o A change of the narrative from the failed Defence Community
o EU created as an umbrella of the 3 European Communities => along them there
was a CFSP.
Problem was that the EU did not have the capabilities to do much under
the CFSP the WEU was seen as the implementer of certain EU decisions
(revival of the WEU).
Petersberg tasks (defined in a meeting of the WEU in Germany) – relate to
certain crisis-management operations.-->peace keeping, peace
enfrocemmnt etc
► 1997: Amsterdam Treaty: incorporation of the Petersberg Tasks in the EU Treaty.
► 1998: St. Mallo Summit UK – France
o “the Union must have the capacity for autonomous action, backed up by credible
military forces, the means to decide to use them, and a readiness to do so, in
order to respond to international crises.”
o Triggered new dynamics in EU defence (also partially triggered by the crises in
the Balkans – e.g. Kosovo)
► June 1999: Cologne European Council
► December 1999: Helsinki Headline Goals (Helsinki European Council)
o => formulation of more ambitious goals for autonomous defence.
► 2002: transfer of WEU agencies to EU: EU ISS (Institute for Security Studies), Satellite
Centre (within the context of the Nice Treaty).
o March 2003: Berlin Plus Agreement EU-NATO
Not really implemented.
o 2004: Creation of European Defence Agency (EDA)
Actual legal basis for it – in the Lisbon Treaty.
o December 2009: Lisbon Treaty enters into force.
=> Much more ambitious CFSP
Emerging separation of defence matters in a CSDP.
o The inefficiencies of “non-Europe” in defence matters – idea we are
wasting an enormous amount of money by not cooperating.
2
