TEST5 7 BANK5 7 FOR
Immunology57and57Serology57in57Laboratory57Medicine,577th57Edition57by57Mary57Louise57Turgeon
Chapter571-27
Chapter5701:57Highlights57of57the57Innate57and57Adaptive57Immune57Systems
MULTIPLE57CHOICE
1. The57―father‖57of57immunology57is57generally57considered57to57be
a. Koch.
b. Pasteur.
c. Gram.
d. Salk.
ANS:5 7 B
Louis57Pasteur57is57generally57considered57to57be57the57―father57of57immunology.‖
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
2. An57early57form57of57immunization57was57practiced57by57the
a. Romans.
b. Greeks.
c. Chinese.
d. Native57Americans.
ANS:5 7 C
Beginning57about57100057AD,57the57Chinese57practiced57a57form57of57immunization57by57inhali
ng57dried57powders57derived57from57the57crusts57of57smallpox57lesions.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
3. A57specific57function57of57the57immune57system57is57to
a. recognize57self57from57nonself.
b. defend57the57body57against57nonself.
c. amplify57specific57functions.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 D
The57function57of57the57immune57system57is57to57recognize57self57from57nonself57and57defend57
the57body57against57nonself.57Such57a57system57is57necessary57for57survival.57The57immune57sy
stem57also57has57nonspecific57effector57mechanisms57that57usually57amplify57the57specific57fun
ctions.57Nonspecific57components57of57the57immune57system57include57mononuclear57phagocy
tes,57polymorphonuclear57leukocytes,57and57soluble57factors57(e.g.,57complement).
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
4. An57undesirable57consequence57of57immunity57is
a. natural57resistance.
b. acquired57resistance57to57infectious57diseases.
PlusBay.Plus
, c. an57autoimmune57disorder.
d. recovery57from57infectious57disease.
ANS:5 7 C
The57desirable57consequences57of57immunity57include57natural57resistance,57recovery,57and57ac
quired57resistance57to57infectious57diseases.57A57deficiency57or57dysfunction57of57the57immune5
7system57can57cause57many57disorders.57Undesirable57consequences57of57immunity57include57a
llergy,57rejection57of57a57transplanted57organ,57or57an57autoimmune57disorder.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
5. The57immune57system57has57various57distinctive57characteristics57except;
a. specificity.
b. memory.
c. mobility.
d. noncooperation57among57different57cells.
ANS:5 7 D
The57immune57system57is57composed57of57a57large,57complex57set57of57widely57distributed57ele
ments,57with57the57distinctive57characteristics57of57specificity,57memory,57mobility,57replicabil
ity,57and57cooperation57among57different57cells57or57cellular57products.57Specificity57and57me
mory57are57characteristics57of57lymphocytes57in57the57immune57system.57Nonspecific57element
s57of57the57immune57system57demonstrate57mobility.57In57addition,57specific57and57nonspecific5
7cellular57components57of57the57immune57system57can57replicate.57Cooperation57is57required57f
or57optimal57functioning,57and57interaction57involves57specific57cellular57elements,57cell57prod
ucts,57and57nonlymphoid57elements.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
6. Hematopoiesis57occurs57in57the57yolk57sac57during57the
a. immediate57hours57after57conception
b. second57month57of57gestation.
c. second57trimester57of57gestation.
d. periods57of57severe57anemia57in57children.
ANS:5 7 A
The57sites57of57blood57cell57development,57or57hematopoiesis,57follow57a57definite57sequence57
in57the57embryo57and57fetus.57Hematopoiesis57occurs57in57the57yolk57sac57during57the57second57
month57of57gestation.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
7. The57sequence57of57blood57cell57development57in57the57embryo57and57fetus57is
a. yolk57sac,57liver-spleen,57bone57marrow.
b. yolk57sac,57bone57marrow,57liver/spleen.
c. liver-spleen,57yolk57sac,57bone57marrow.
d. bone57marrow,57liver-spleen,57yolk57sac.
ANS:5 7 A
PlusBay.Plus
, The57first57blood57cells57are57primitive57red57blood57cells57(erythroblasts;57RBCs)57formed57in
57the57islets57of57the57yolk57sac57during57the57first57257to57857weeks57of57life.57Gradually,57the5
7liver57and57spleen57replace57the57yolk57sac57as57the57sites57of57blood57cell57development.57B
y57the57second57month57of57gestation,57the57liver57becomes57the57major57site57of57hematopoie
sis,57and57granular57types57of57leukocytes57have57made57their57initial57appearance.57The57live
r57and57spleen57predominate57from57about57257to57557months57of57fetal57life.57In57the57fourth57
month57of57gestation,57bone57marrow57begins57to57produce57blood57cells.57After57the57fifth57fe
tal57month,57bone57marrow57begins57to57assume57its57ultimate57role57as57the57primary57site57o
f57hematopoiesis.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
8. The57primary57function57of57mature57neutrophils57is
a. to57reduce57inflammation.
b. to57lyse57parasites57in57the57circulatory57system.
c. antigen57recognition.
d. phagocytosis.
ANS:5 7 D
Various57phagocytic57cells57continually57circulate57throughout57the57blood,57lymph,57gastroint
estinal57system,57and57respiratory57tract.57When57trauma57occurs,57the57neutrophils57arrive57at5
7the57site57of57injury57and57can57be57found57in57the57initial57exudate57in57less57than57157hour.57
Monocytes57are57slower57in57moving57to57the57inflammatory57site.57Macrophages57resident57in
57the57tissues57of57the57body57are57already57in57place57to57deal57with57an57intruding57agent.57Ad
ditional57macrophages57from57the57bone57marrow57and57other57tissues57can57be57released57in57s
evere57infections.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
9. Primary57granules,57or57azurophilic57granules,57in57neutrophils57contain
a. lysozyme.
b. myeloperoxidase.
c. lactoferrin.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 D
Granules57in57the57phagocyte57cytosol57contain57degradatory57enzymes57of57three57types
1. Primary,57or57azurophilic,57granules57containing57enzymes57(e.g.,57lys
ozyme,57myeloperoxidase)
2. Secondary,57or57specific,57granules57containing57substances57such57as57lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary57granules57containing57substances57such57as57caspases
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
10. The57origin57of57a57condition57when57eosinophils57are57increased57in57the57circulating57blood5
7is57associated57with:
a. fungus
b. parasitic57amoeba
c. allergic57reactions
d. bacteria
ANS:5 7 C
PlusBay.Plus
, An57increase57in57eosinophils57is57associated57with57a57wide57variety57of57conditions,57but57es
pecially57with57allergic57reactions,57drug57reactions,57certain57skin57disorders,57parasitic57infe
stations,57collagen57vascular57diseases,57Hodgkin57disease,57and57myeloproliferative57disease
s.
A57functional57property57related57to57the57membrane57receptors57of57the57eosinophil57is57the57
cell’s57ability57to57interact57with57the57larval57stages57of57some57helminth57parasites57and57da
mage57them57by57oxidative57mechanisms.57Certain57proteins57released57from57eosinophilic57
granules57damage57antibody-
coated57Schistosoma57parasites57and57may57account57for57damage57to57endothelial57cells57in5
7hypereosinophilic57syndromes.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
11. A57basophil57degranulates57in57a(n)
a. inflammatory57reaction.
b. immediate57(acute)57hypersensitivity57reaction.
c. chronic57tissue57rejection.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 B
Basophils57have57high57concentrations57of57heparin57and57histamine57in57their57granules.57If57
events57are57triggered57by57antigens57from57pollen,57food,57drugs,57or57insect57venom,57the57r
esult57is57an57immediate57hypersensitivity57reaction.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
12. Mononuclear57cells57are57effective57phagocytic57cells57against
a. staphylococci.
b. streptococci.
c. Mycobacterium57tuberculosis.
d. pneumonia.
ANS:5 7 C
Mononuclear57cells57are57particularly57effective57as57phagocytic57cells57because57of57the57larg
e57amounts57of57lipase57in57their57cytoplasm.57Lipase57is57able57to57attack57bacteria57with57a5
7lipid57capsule,57such57as57Mycobacterium57tuberculosis.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
13. Macrophages
a. process57antigens.
b. physically57present57biologically57modified57antigens57to57lymphocytes.
c. secrete57a57lymphocyte-activating57factor57(IL-
1)57as57a57result57of57proper57MHC57recognition.
d. All57of57the57above.
ANS:5 7 D
The57phagocytic57property57of57the57macrophage57is57particularly57important57in57the57processi
ng57of57antigens57as57part57of57the57immune57response.57Macrophages57are57believed57to57proce
ss57antigens57and57physically57present57this57biochemically57modified57and57more57reactive57f
orm57of57antigen57to57lymphocytes57(particularly57T57helper57cells)57as57an57initial57step57in57t
he57immune57response.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
PlusBay.Plus
Immunology57and57Serology57in57Laboratory57Medicine,577th57Edition57by57Mary57Louise57Turgeon
Chapter571-27
Chapter5701:57Highlights57of57the57Innate57and57Adaptive57Immune57Systems
MULTIPLE57CHOICE
1. The57―father‖57of57immunology57is57generally57considered57to57be
a. Koch.
b. Pasteur.
c. Gram.
d. Salk.
ANS:5 7 B
Louis57Pasteur57is57generally57considered57to57be57the57―father57of57immunology.‖
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
2. An57early57form57of57immunization57was57practiced57by57the
a. Romans.
b. Greeks.
c. Chinese.
d. Native57Americans.
ANS:5 7 C
Beginning57about57100057AD,57the57Chinese57practiced57a57form57of57immunization57by57inhali
ng57dried57powders57derived57from57the57crusts57of57smallpox57lesions.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
3. A57specific57function57of57the57immune57system57is57to
a. recognize57self57from57nonself.
b. defend57the57body57against57nonself.
c. amplify57specific57functions.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 D
The57function57of57the57immune57system57is57to57recognize57self57from57nonself57and57defend57
the57body57against57nonself.57Such57a57system57is57necessary57for57survival.57The57immune57sy
stem57also57has57nonspecific57effector57mechanisms57that57usually57amplify57the57specific57fun
ctions.57Nonspecific57components57of57the57immune57system57include57mononuclear57phagocy
tes,57polymorphonuclear57leukocytes,57and57soluble57factors57(e.g.,57complement).
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
4. An57undesirable57consequence57of57immunity57is
a. natural57resistance.
b. acquired57resistance57to57infectious57diseases.
PlusBay.Plus
, c. an57autoimmune57disorder.
d. recovery57from57infectious57disease.
ANS:5 7 C
The57desirable57consequences57of57immunity57include57natural57resistance,57recovery,57and57ac
quired57resistance57to57infectious57diseases.57A57deficiency57or57dysfunction57of57the57immune5
7system57can57cause57many57disorders.57Undesirable57consequences57of57immunity57include57a
llergy,57rejection57of57a57transplanted57organ,57or57an57autoimmune57disorder.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
5. The57immune57system57has57various57distinctive57characteristics57except;
a. specificity.
b. memory.
c. mobility.
d. noncooperation57among57different57cells.
ANS:5 7 D
The57immune57system57is57composed57of57a57large,57complex57set57of57widely57distributed57ele
ments,57with57the57distinctive57characteristics57of57specificity,57memory,57mobility,57replicabil
ity,57and57cooperation57among57different57cells57or57cellular57products.57Specificity57and57me
mory57are57characteristics57of57lymphocytes57in57the57immune57system.57Nonspecific57element
s57of57the57immune57system57demonstrate57mobility.57In57addition,57specific57and57nonspecific5
7cellular57components57of57the57immune57system57can57replicate.57Cooperation57is57required57f
or57optimal57functioning,57and57interaction57involves57specific57cellular57elements,57cell57prod
ucts,57and57nonlymphoid57elements.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
6. Hematopoiesis57occurs57in57the57yolk57sac57during57the
a. immediate57hours57after57conception
b. second57month57of57gestation.
c. second57trimester57of57gestation.
d. periods57of57severe57anemia57in57children.
ANS:5 7 A
The57sites57of57blood57cell57development,57or57hematopoiesis,57follow57a57definite57sequence57
in57the57embryo57and57fetus.57Hematopoiesis57occurs57in57the57yolk57sac57during57the57second57
month57of57gestation.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
7. The57sequence57of57blood57cell57development57in57the57embryo57and57fetus57is
a. yolk57sac,57liver-spleen,57bone57marrow.
b. yolk57sac,57bone57marrow,57liver/spleen.
c. liver-spleen,57yolk57sac,57bone57marrow.
d. bone57marrow,57liver-spleen,57yolk57sac.
ANS:5 7 A
PlusBay.Plus
, The57first57blood57cells57are57primitive57red57blood57cells57(erythroblasts;57RBCs)57formed57in
57the57islets57of57the57yolk57sac57during57the57first57257to57857weeks57of57life.57Gradually,57the5
7liver57and57spleen57replace57the57yolk57sac57as57the57sites57of57blood57cell57development.57B
y57the57second57month57of57gestation,57the57liver57becomes57the57major57site57of57hematopoie
sis,57and57granular57types57of57leukocytes57have57made57their57initial57appearance.57The57live
r57and57spleen57predominate57from57about57257to57557months57of57fetal57life.57In57the57fourth57
month57of57gestation,57bone57marrow57begins57to57produce57blood57cells.57After57the57fifth57fe
tal57month,57bone57marrow57begins57to57assume57its57ultimate57role57as57the57primary57site57o
f57hematopoiesis.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
8. The57primary57function57of57mature57neutrophils57is
a. to57reduce57inflammation.
b. to57lyse57parasites57in57the57circulatory57system.
c. antigen57recognition.
d. phagocytosis.
ANS:5 7 D
Various57phagocytic57cells57continually57circulate57throughout57the57blood,57lymph,57gastroint
estinal57system,57and57respiratory57tract.57When57trauma57occurs,57the57neutrophils57arrive57at5
7the57site57of57injury57and57can57be57found57in57the57initial57exudate57in57less57than57157hour.57
Monocytes57are57slower57in57moving57to57the57inflammatory57site.57Macrophages57resident57in
57the57tissues57of57the57body57are57already57in57place57to57deal57with57an57intruding57agent.57Ad
ditional57macrophages57from57the57bone57marrow57and57other57tissues57can57be57released57in57s
evere57infections.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
9. Primary57granules,57or57azurophilic57granules,57in57neutrophils57contain
a. lysozyme.
b. myeloperoxidase.
c. lactoferrin.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 D
Granules57in57the57phagocyte57cytosol57contain57degradatory57enzymes57of57three57types
1. Primary,57or57azurophilic,57granules57containing57enzymes57(e.g.,57lys
ozyme,57myeloperoxidase)
2. Secondary,57or57specific,57granules57containing57substances57such57as57lactoferrin.
3. Tertiary57granules57containing57substances57such57as57caspases
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
10. The57origin57of57a57condition57when57eosinophils57are57increased57in57the57circulating57blood5
7is57associated57with:
a. fungus
b. parasitic57amoeba
c. allergic57reactions
d. bacteria
ANS:5 7 C
PlusBay.Plus
, An57increase57in57eosinophils57is57associated57with57a57wide57variety57of57conditions,57but57es
pecially57with57allergic57reactions,57drug57reactions,57certain57skin57disorders,57parasitic57infe
stations,57collagen57vascular57diseases,57Hodgkin57disease,57and57myeloproliferative57disease
s.
A57functional57property57related57to57the57membrane57receptors57of57the57eosinophil57is57the57
cell’s57ability57to57interact57with57the57larval57stages57of57some57helminth57parasites57and57da
mage57them57by57oxidative57mechanisms.57Certain57proteins57released57from57eosinophilic57
granules57damage57antibody-
coated57Schistosoma57parasites57and57may57account57for57damage57to57endothelial57cells57in5
7hypereosinophilic57syndromes.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
11. A57basophil57degranulates57in57a(n)
a. inflammatory57reaction.
b. immediate57(acute)57hypersensitivity57reaction.
c. chronic57tissue57rejection.
d. Both57A57and57B.
ANS:5 7 B
Basophils57have57high57concentrations57of57heparin57and57histamine57in57their57granules.57If57
events57are57triggered57by57antigens57from57pollen,57food,57drugs,57or57insect57venom,57the57r
esult57is57an57immediate57hypersensitivity57reaction.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
12. Mononuclear57cells57are57effective57phagocytic57cells57against
a. staphylococci.
b. streptococci.
c. Mycobacterium57tuberculosis.
d. pneumonia.
ANS:5 7 C
Mononuclear57cells57are57particularly57effective57as57phagocytic57cells57because57of57the57larg
e57amounts57of57lipase57in57their57cytoplasm.57Lipase57is57able57to57attack57bacteria57with57a5
7lipid57capsule,57such57as57Mycobacterium57tuberculosis.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57I
13. Macrophages
a. process57antigens.
b. physically57present57biologically57modified57antigens57to57lymphocytes.
c. secrete57a57lymphocyte-activating57factor57(IL-
1)57as57a57result57of57proper57MHC57recognition.
d. All57of57the57above.
ANS:5 7 D
The57phagocytic57property57of57the57macrophage57is57particularly57important57in57the57processi
ng57of57antigens57as57part57of57the57immune57response.57Macrophages57are57believed57to57proce
ss57antigens57and57physically57present57this57biochemically57modified57and57more57reactive57f
orm57of57antigen57to57lymphocytes57(particularly57T57helper57cells)57as57an57initial57step57in57t
he57immune57response.
DIF: Cognitive57Level:57II
PlusBay.Plus
