NUR 529 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH
BEST SOLUTIONS
What role does chronic hyperglycaemia play in diabetes? ✅✅ANSW-It plays a key role in
complications.
What should people with diabetes receive to minimize complications? ✅✅ANSW-Significant
education and support to learn to control blood sugar.
What is often the first sign of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A lump on a testicle.
In which testicle does testicular cancer most often occur? ✅✅ANSW-Most often in only one
testicle.
What symptoms should prompt investigation for testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-Pain, swelling, or a
lump in the testicles or groin area.
What sensation might indicate testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A sensation of dragging or heaviness
in the scrotum.
What are signs of metastatic spread of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-Swelling of the lower
extremities, back pain, neck mass, cough, hemoptysis, or dizziness.
What is required for the diagnosis of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A thorough urologic history
and physical examination.
What should be treated as potentially cancerous until proven otherwise? ✅✅ANSW-A painless
testicular mass.
What conditions can produce an intrascrotal mass similar to testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Epididymitis, orchitis, hydrocele, or hematocele.
,What examination techniques are used for assessing testicular masses? ✅✅ANSW-Palpation of
the testes, transillumination of the scrotum, and abdominal palpation.
What imaging test is frequently one of the first ordered for testicular masses? ✅✅ANSW-
Testicular ultrasound (US).
What does a hypoechoic mass with vascular flow suggest? ✅✅ANSW-It is highly suggestive of
malignancy.
What should be done if ultrasound results are concerning for testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Referral to a urologist for further testing and management.
Why should a biopsy of the testicular lesion not be performed? ✅✅ANSW-Diagnosis can almost
always be made by ultrasound, and a biopsy may alter lymphatic drainage.
What imaging tests are used to assess metastatic spread of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-CT scans
with intravenous contrast dye, chest radiographs, and MRI scans.
What should a physical examination for prostatitis include? ✅✅ANSW-An abdominal
examination, a genital examination, and a digital rectal examination.
Why should a digital rectal examination be performed gently? ✅✅ANSW-Vigorous prostatic
massage can induce bacteremia and subsequently sepsis.
What might cloudy and malodorous urine indicate? ✅✅ANSW-A urinary tract infection.
What does a rectal examination reveal in cases of prostatitis? ✅✅ANSW-A firm, edematous,
tender prostate.
What is produced during prostatic massage in prostatitis? ✅✅ANSW-A thick discharge with white
blood cells that grows large numbers of pathogens on culture.
Why is a thorough urologic examination performed after treatment of acute prostatitis?
✅✅ANSW-Because acute prostatitis is often associated with anatomic abnormalities.
,What should be measured if there is concern for obstructed voiding? ✅✅ANSW-Postvoid residual
urine volumes using ultrasound.
When should blood cultures be obtained in suspected severe sepsis? ✅✅ANSW-If severe sepsis is
suspected or if Staphylococcus aureus is found in the urine culture.
What is the anatomic location of the prostate? ✅✅ANSW-The prostate is located at the bladder
neck.
What are the two prostatic components contributing to BPH obstructive properties? ✅✅ANSW-
Dynamic and static components.
What does the static component of BPH relate to? ✅✅ANSW-An increase in prostatic size.
What symptoms are associated with the static component of BPH? ✅✅ANSW-Weak urinary
stream, postvoid dribbling, frequency of urination, and nocturia.
What can the formation of nodules near the urethra lead to? ✅✅ANSW-Compression of the
urethral canal.
What are some lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by urethral compression?
✅✅ANSW-Hesitancy, frequency, retention, and increased risk of urinary tract infections.
In which demographic is the risk of urinary tract infections increased due to BPH? ✅✅ANSW-
Males older than 50 years of age.
Who should be screened for prostate cancer according to the American Cancer Society?
✅✅ANSW-Males 50 years of age or older at average risk who are expected to live at least 10
more years.
What is a high-risk group for prostate cancer according to the American Cancer Society?
✅✅ANSW-African Americans and those with a strong family history of prostate cancer.
, At what age should males at high risk with a first-degree relative who had prostate cancer be
screened? ✅✅ANSW-Age 40.
What is transrectal ultrasound used for in prostate cancer detection? ✅✅ANSW-It may detect
cancers that are too small to be detected by physical examination.
Why is transrectal ultrasound not used for first-line detection of prostate cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Because of its expense.
Who may benefit from transrectal ultrasound for prostate cancer detection? ✅✅ANSW-Males
who are at high risk for the development of prostate cancer.
What is the squamocolumnar junction? ✅✅ANSW-The junction of the squamous epithelium of
the exocervix and mucus-secreting columnar epithelium of the endocervix.
What is metaplasia in the cervix? ✅✅ANSW-The gradual transformation from columnar to
squamous epithelium due to hormonal and pH changes, long-term inflammation, and mechanical
irritation.
What is the transformation zone? ✅✅ANSW-The area of continuous change in the cervix where
metaplasia occurs, critical for the development of cervical cancer.
What is dysplasia? ✅✅ANSW-Disordered growth or development of cells, which can be
reversible but may develop into carcinoma if untreated.
Why is the transformation zone important for Pap tests? ✅✅ANSW-It is the area that must be
sampled to have an adequate Pap test and is most carefully examined during colposcopy.
What is colposcopy? ✅✅ANSW-A vaginal examination using a colposcope to provide a well-lit
and magnified view of the cervix, often performed after an abnormal Pap test result.
What solutions are used during colposcopy? ✅✅ANSW-Acetic acid solution and Lugol's iodine are
used to accentuate changes that differentiate normal from abnormal tissue.
BEST SOLUTIONS
What role does chronic hyperglycaemia play in diabetes? ✅✅ANSW-It plays a key role in
complications.
What should people with diabetes receive to minimize complications? ✅✅ANSW-Significant
education and support to learn to control blood sugar.
What is often the first sign of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A lump on a testicle.
In which testicle does testicular cancer most often occur? ✅✅ANSW-Most often in only one
testicle.
What symptoms should prompt investigation for testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-Pain, swelling, or a
lump in the testicles or groin area.
What sensation might indicate testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A sensation of dragging or heaviness
in the scrotum.
What are signs of metastatic spread of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-Swelling of the lower
extremities, back pain, neck mass, cough, hemoptysis, or dizziness.
What is required for the diagnosis of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-A thorough urologic history
and physical examination.
What should be treated as potentially cancerous until proven otherwise? ✅✅ANSW-A painless
testicular mass.
What conditions can produce an intrascrotal mass similar to testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Epididymitis, orchitis, hydrocele, or hematocele.
,What examination techniques are used for assessing testicular masses? ✅✅ANSW-Palpation of
the testes, transillumination of the scrotum, and abdominal palpation.
What imaging test is frequently one of the first ordered for testicular masses? ✅✅ANSW-
Testicular ultrasound (US).
What does a hypoechoic mass with vascular flow suggest? ✅✅ANSW-It is highly suggestive of
malignancy.
What should be done if ultrasound results are concerning for testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Referral to a urologist for further testing and management.
Why should a biopsy of the testicular lesion not be performed? ✅✅ANSW-Diagnosis can almost
always be made by ultrasound, and a biopsy may alter lymphatic drainage.
What imaging tests are used to assess metastatic spread of testicular cancer? ✅✅ANSW-CT scans
with intravenous contrast dye, chest radiographs, and MRI scans.
What should a physical examination for prostatitis include? ✅✅ANSW-An abdominal
examination, a genital examination, and a digital rectal examination.
Why should a digital rectal examination be performed gently? ✅✅ANSW-Vigorous prostatic
massage can induce bacteremia and subsequently sepsis.
What might cloudy and malodorous urine indicate? ✅✅ANSW-A urinary tract infection.
What does a rectal examination reveal in cases of prostatitis? ✅✅ANSW-A firm, edematous,
tender prostate.
What is produced during prostatic massage in prostatitis? ✅✅ANSW-A thick discharge with white
blood cells that grows large numbers of pathogens on culture.
Why is a thorough urologic examination performed after treatment of acute prostatitis?
✅✅ANSW-Because acute prostatitis is often associated with anatomic abnormalities.
,What should be measured if there is concern for obstructed voiding? ✅✅ANSW-Postvoid residual
urine volumes using ultrasound.
When should blood cultures be obtained in suspected severe sepsis? ✅✅ANSW-If severe sepsis is
suspected or if Staphylococcus aureus is found in the urine culture.
What is the anatomic location of the prostate? ✅✅ANSW-The prostate is located at the bladder
neck.
What are the two prostatic components contributing to BPH obstructive properties? ✅✅ANSW-
Dynamic and static components.
What does the static component of BPH relate to? ✅✅ANSW-An increase in prostatic size.
What symptoms are associated with the static component of BPH? ✅✅ANSW-Weak urinary
stream, postvoid dribbling, frequency of urination, and nocturia.
What can the formation of nodules near the urethra lead to? ✅✅ANSW-Compression of the
urethral canal.
What are some lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) caused by urethral compression?
✅✅ANSW-Hesitancy, frequency, retention, and increased risk of urinary tract infections.
In which demographic is the risk of urinary tract infections increased due to BPH? ✅✅ANSW-
Males older than 50 years of age.
Who should be screened for prostate cancer according to the American Cancer Society?
✅✅ANSW-Males 50 years of age or older at average risk who are expected to live at least 10
more years.
What is a high-risk group for prostate cancer according to the American Cancer Society?
✅✅ANSW-African Americans and those with a strong family history of prostate cancer.
, At what age should males at high risk with a first-degree relative who had prostate cancer be
screened? ✅✅ANSW-Age 40.
What is transrectal ultrasound used for in prostate cancer detection? ✅✅ANSW-It may detect
cancers that are too small to be detected by physical examination.
Why is transrectal ultrasound not used for first-line detection of prostate cancer? ✅✅ANSW-
Because of its expense.
Who may benefit from transrectal ultrasound for prostate cancer detection? ✅✅ANSW-Males
who are at high risk for the development of prostate cancer.
What is the squamocolumnar junction? ✅✅ANSW-The junction of the squamous epithelium of
the exocervix and mucus-secreting columnar epithelium of the endocervix.
What is metaplasia in the cervix? ✅✅ANSW-The gradual transformation from columnar to
squamous epithelium due to hormonal and pH changes, long-term inflammation, and mechanical
irritation.
What is the transformation zone? ✅✅ANSW-The area of continuous change in the cervix where
metaplasia occurs, critical for the development of cervical cancer.
What is dysplasia? ✅✅ANSW-Disordered growth or development of cells, which can be
reversible but may develop into carcinoma if untreated.
Why is the transformation zone important for Pap tests? ✅✅ANSW-It is the area that must be
sampled to have an adequate Pap test and is most carefully examined during colposcopy.
What is colposcopy? ✅✅ANSW-A vaginal examination using a colposcope to provide a well-lit
and magnified view of the cervix, often performed after an abnormal Pap test result.
What solutions are used during colposcopy? ✅✅ANSW-Acetic acid solution and Lugol's iodine are
used to accentuate changes that differentiate normal from abnormal tissue.
