• Anatomy & Physiology Proctored Exam Prep Guide – Updated Edition

1. Case Study: A 35-year-old male presents with a persistent cough
and hemoptysis. He is a smoker.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Chronic bronchitis
B. Pulmonary tuberculosis
C. Lung cancer
D. Asthma
Answer: C. Lung cancer
Rationale: Smoking is a major risk factor for lung cancer, which
can present with symptoms such as a persistent cough and
hemoptysis (coughing up blood).

2. Case Study: A 28-year-old female with a family history of
hypertension presents with sudden onset of severe headache,
blurred vision, and nausea.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Migraine
B. Hypertensive crisis
C. Tension headache
D. Stroke
Answer: B. Hypertensive crisis
Rationale: A hypertensive crisis can present with severe headache,
blurred vision, and nausea, and is a medical emergency that
requires immediate treatment.

3. Case Study: A 30-year-old female presents with muscle
weakness, fatigue, and a rash around her eyes.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Dermatomyositis
C. Lupus erythematosus

,D. Multiple sclerosis
Answer: B. Dermatomyositis
Rationale: Dermatomyositis is characterized by muscle weakness
and a characteristic rash, often around the eyes (heliotrope rash).

4. Case Study: A 30-year-old male presents with acute severe
abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. He has a history of alcohol
abuse.
Question: Which organ is most likely involved in this patient’s
symptoms?
A. Liver
B. Pancreas
C. Gallbladder
D. Spleen
Answer: B. Pancreas
Rationale: Acute pancreatitis, which can be caused by alcohol
abuse, often presents with severe abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting.

5. Case Study: A 40-year-old female presents with bilateral leg
swelling and fatigue. She has a history of recent cancer treatment.
Question: What is the most likely cause of her symptoms?
A. Lymphedema
B. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
C. Heart failure
D. Nephrotic syndrome
Answer: A. Lymphedema
Rationale: Lymphedema is a common consequence of cancer
treatments, especially if lymph nodes were removed or radiation
was used, causing fluid accumulation in the tissues.

6. Case Study: A 22-year-old female presents with frequent
urination, especially at night, and a sense of urgency to urinate.

, She also reports pain during urination.
Question: What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
B. Bladder cancer
C. Interstitial cystitis
D. Diabetes mellitus
Answer: A. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Rationale: The symptoms of frequent urination, urgency, and
dysuria (painful urination) are typical of a urinary tract infection.

7. Case Study: A 45-year-old male presents with a slow-healing
ulcer on his foot, excessive thirst, and blurred vision. He has a
family history of diabetes.
Question: What condition is most likely causing his symptoms?
A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
B. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
C. Hyperthyroidism
D. Addison’s disease
Answer: A. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Rationale: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance
and can lead to slow-healing wounds, blurred vision, and excessive
thirst.

8. Case Study: A 60-year-old male with a history of hypertension
presents with sudden loss of vision in one eye.
Question: What is the most likely cause of his symptoms?
A. Retinal detachment
B. Cataract
C. Glaucoma
D. Macular degeneration
Answer: A. Retinal detachment
Rationale: Retinal detachment can cause sudden, painless vision
loss in one eye, often accompanied by flashing lights or a curtain-