COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE - EXAM 3
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Cues for categorical perception of speech sounds: - Answer-1. multiple cue types
(ex: rapid frequency changes)
2. voice onset time (VOT) = time difference between opening lips and use of vocal
cords
-negative: vocal cord voicing first
-positive: opening lips first
Categorical perception of faces: - Answer-Using computer morphing algorithm, put
two pictures of people's faces together.
-Show subject multiple rounds of images of a morphed face, will gradually increase
the percentage of accurate categorized face (kennedy vs clinton)
-Take home: categorization is not specific to speech, so it is a more general problem
to understand in the brain.
Speech perception from the perspective of the Listener's expectations: - Answer-Sin
wave speech synthesis: take recording of speech and replace main energy bands
with pure whistling tones.
-shows that the listener can perceive speech without traditional speech cues, such
that speech is now seen as a dynamic pattern of trajectories through articulatory-
acoustic space.
the McGurk Effect: - Answer-Perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates interaction
between hearing and vision in speech perception.
-Auditory component of one sound is paired with visual component of another sound,
leading to the perception of a third sound.
-Our visual interpretation can outweigh our auditory perception and change our what
we recognize.
Sentence context and Speech perception: - Answer-Brain utilizes the whole spoken
phrase or sentence to figure out certain words.
Phonemic Restoration Effect: - Answer-Perceptual phenomenon where under certain
conditions sounds actually missing from the speech signal can be restored by the
brain and may appear to be heard.
-same stimulus, different precepts.
-short term memory and sentence comprehension
-note retroactive influence of last word on the precept.
Coarticulation: - Answer-situation where conceptually isolated speech sound is
influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound.
-"Formants": changes in frequency bands due to vocal apparatus (larynx, tongue,
lips, etc.)
-Different physical stimulus - same percept.
, Summary of speech perception: - Answer-1. Complex associations: stimulus &
meaning:
-Coarticulation: different physical stimulus, same percept.
-Phonemic restoration: same physical stimulus, different percepts
2. Speech attributes:
-categorization problem (sound -> concept) & categorical perception
-coarticulation
3. Previous example speech vs. music:
-double dissociation (pure word deafness vs. amusia (can't perceive pitch))
-hemispheric differences in activation (fMRI)
WADA test: - Answer-Anesthetize one hemisphere at a time with barbiturate. Have
subject speak, "dominant" hemisphere when anesthetized means subject can't
speak.
-used to define left hemisphere speech group (LSG), right (RSG), and bilateral
(BSG).
-done for clinical purposes (epilepsy patients)
Human language vs other species: - Answer-1. Combinatorial (uses many symbols):
-open-loop: create new symbols
2. Grammar:
-compositional (words, phrases, sentences...)
-extensive syntax
-other species still have sophisticated ways to communicate.
3. Speech, writing, gestures:
-ways to communicate langauge
Bee communication characteristics - Answer-1.Bees dance in specific ways to show
distance and direction of water, food, and nest site.
2. Coded by:
-figure 8 pattern on vertical surface of honeycomb
-body "waggles" and buzzes middle portion of body
-middle portion of figure 8 pattern codes direction and distance (angle of center run
codes direction)
Ephemeris function: - Answer-Bees update their dance to account for movement of
the sun
Bee communication encoding: - Answer-1. Distance encoded by duration of
waggles/buzzing
2. Limitation is that this is a closed system, they can't introduce new concepts.
Speech perception and production - Answer-1. Speech perception:
Speech sound -> phonological recognition -> lexical recognition ->
concept/message.
2. Speech production:
Concept/message -> lexical selection -> phonological selection -> articulation of
speech.
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Cues for categorical perception of speech sounds: - Answer-1. multiple cue types
(ex: rapid frequency changes)
2. voice onset time (VOT) = time difference between opening lips and use of vocal
cords
-negative: vocal cord voicing first
-positive: opening lips first
Categorical perception of faces: - Answer-Using computer morphing algorithm, put
two pictures of people's faces together.
-Show subject multiple rounds of images of a morphed face, will gradually increase
the percentage of accurate categorized face (kennedy vs clinton)
-Take home: categorization is not specific to speech, so it is a more general problem
to understand in the brain.
Speech perception from the perspective of the Listener's expectations: - Answer-Sin
wave speech synthesis: take recording of speech and replace main energy bands
with pure whistling tones.
-shows that the listener can perceive speech without traditional speech cues, such
that speech is now seen as a dynamic pattern of trajectories through articulatory-
acoustic space.
the McGurk Effect: - Answer-Perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates interaction
between hearing and vision in speech perception.
-Auditory component of one sound is paired with visual component of another sound,
leading to the perception of a third sound.
-Our visual interpretation can outweigh our auditory perception and change our what
we recognize.
Sentence context and Speech perception: - Answer-Brain utilizes the whole spoken
phrase or sentence to figure out certain words.
Phonemic Restoration Effect: - Answer-Perceptual phenomenon where under certain
conditions sounds actually missing from the speech signal can be restored by the
brain and may appear to be heard.
-same stimulus, different precepts.
-short term memory and sentence comprehension
-note retroactive influence of last word on the precept.
Coarticulation: - Answer-situation where conceptually isolated speech sound is
influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound.
-"Formants": changes in frequency bands due to vocal apparatus (larynx, tongue,
lips, etc.)
-Different physical stimulus - same percept.
, Summary of speech perception: - Answer-1. Complex associations: stimulus &
meaning:
-Coarticulation: different physical stimulus, same percept.
-Phonemic restoration: same physical stimulus, different percepts
2. Speech attributes:
-categorization problem (sound -> concept) & categorical perception
-coarticulation
3. Previous example speech vs. music:
-double dissociation (pure word deafness vs. amusia (can't perceive pitch))
-hemispheric differences in activation (fMRI)
WADA test: - Answer-Anesthetize one hemisphere at a time with barbiturate. Have
subject speak, "dominant" hemisphere when anesthetized means subject can't
speak.
-used to define left hemisphere speech group (LSG), right (RSG), and bilateral
(BSG).
-done for clinical purposes (epilepsy patients)
Human language vs other species: - Answer-1. Combinatorial (uses many symbols):
-open-loop: create new symbols
2. Grammar:
-compositional (words, phrases, sentences...)
-extensive syntax
-other species still have sophisticated ways to communicate.
3. Speech, writing, gestures:
-ways to communicate langauge
Bee communication characteristics - Answer-1.Bees dance in specific ways to show
distance and direction of water, food, and nest site.
2. Coded by:
-figure 8 pattern on vertical surface of honeycomb
-body "waggles" and buzzes middle portion of body
-middle portion of figure 8 pattern codes direction and distance (angle of center run
codes direction)
Ephemeris function: - Answer-Bees update their dance to account for movement of
the sun
Bee communication encoding: - Answer-1. Distance encoded by duration of
waggles/buzzing
2. Limitation is that this is a closed system, they can't introduce new concepts.
Speech perception and production - Answer-1. Speech perception:
Speech sound -> phonological recognition -> lexical recognition ->
concept/message.
2. Speech production:
Concept/message -> lexical selection -> phonological selection -> articulation of
speech.
