Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
Introduction
This assignment will be based on the following case studies concerning the
Kyler’s and application of psychological perspectives within health and social
care setting.
Katrina Kyler is 38 years old. She is clinically obese, has developed type 2
diabetes, and does not engage in any physical activity. She has never been
employed and relies on benefits for income, which she refers to as being paid
while waiting for the payment date. Katrina lacks confidence and self-belief. She
has limited qualifications and no work experience. Currently, she is attending a
diabetes clinic at Sandwell General Hospital. The nurse at the clinic discovers
that Katrina has not fulfilled any of her previous agreements to better manage
her blood sugar levels.
Kary Kyler is 10 years old and attends The Orchard School. He has cerebral palsy
and ADHD. Kary's physical needs are associated with mobility limitations, and he
depends on a wheelchair for mobility. His behavioural needs are influenced by his
difficulty in following instructions. Kary often becomes frustrated and angry,
resorting to shouting, pinching, and kicking his care workers. Listening to music
helps calm him down, and he enjoys it. Despite his challenges, Kary excels in
mathematics.
Katrina has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a condition where the body
doesn't use insulin effectively and results in high blood sugar levels. Type 2
diabetes is often linked to an inactive lifestyle, obesity, and poor eating habits.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst, weight
loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left untreated, it can lead to long-term
complications like heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, nerve damage, eye
problems, foot problems, and a higher risk of infections. To manage her
condition, Katrina's healthcare provider may prescribe medication, such as
metformin, which helps lower blood sugar levels. The National Health Service
(NHS) provides thorough healthcare services and supports individuals with type 2
diabetes by promoting lifestyle changes like adopting a healthy diet, increasing
physical activity, and losing weight if necessary. The NHS also provides regular
monitoring of blood sugar levels, check-ups, and self-management education to
prevent complications and improve overall health and well-being.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by issues with insulin in the body, and it is commonly
diagnosed in individuals who are inactive and overweight such as Katrina. To
lead a healthy life, Katrina needs to amend her diet and lifestyle, take prescribed
medications, and attend appointments with her general practitioner (GP) and
local hospitals. Regular eye check-ups are also important, as blurred vision or
seeing floating shapes can be common symptoms of type 2 diabetes. The NHS
offers A1C tests to diagnose diabetes, which measure average blood sugar levels
over the past three months. It is important for Katrina to maintain healthy blood
sugar levels. A level below 5.7% is considered normal, while a level above 6.4%
indicates prediabetes and a higher risk of developing diabetes. A level of 6.5% or
higher suggests diabetes and immediate medical attention and testing are
needed for diagnosis.
Support groups can provide valuable assistance for individuals like Katrina.
Some examples of support groups that could help her are diabetes management
1
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
classes, healthy lifestyle workshops, and peer support groups for individuals with
type 2 diabetes. Diabetes UK has local groups throughout the UK that organise
regular meetings and events for individuals with diabetes. These groups offer
opportunities for face-to-face interactions, peer support, and educational
sessions on various aspects of managing type 2 diabetes. DESMOND (Diabetes
Education and Self-Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) is an NHS-
supported program that provides structured education and support for
individuals with type 2 diabetes. It offers group sessions led by healthcare
professionals where participants learn about self-management strategies,
lifestyle changes, and gaining a better understanding of their condition. X-PERT
Health is an organisation that offers structured education programs for
individuals with type 2 diabetes in the UK. These programs are designed to
provide practical knowledge, skills, and support to help individuals manage their
diabetes effectively. The sessions are delivered in a group setting by trained
healthcare professionals.
Kery has ADHD, which stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADHD
affects a person's behaviour and can make them appear restless, have trouble
concentrating, and act impulsively. The symptoms of ADHD are usually noticed at
a young age and can become more noticeable when a child's circumstances
change. For example, when a child starts school or moves to an unfamiliar
environment, the symptoms may become more evident. ADHD is often
diagnosed in childhood, but it can also be diagnosed later in life. While the
symptoms of ADHD tend to improve with age, adults who were diagnosed at a
youthful age may still face challenges throughout their lifetime. People with
ADHD may also experience additional problems such as insomnia, anxiety
disorders, and in some cases, schizophrenia.
The exact cause of ADHD remains unknown, but research suggests that genetics
play a significant role in its development. Studies have identified several
differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD compared to those without the
condition. These differences involve specific brain regions and the
neurotransmitter systems involved in regulating attention, impulsivity, and
executive functions. Furthermore, other factors, such as environmental
influences and pregnancy-related factors, may also contribute to the
development of ADHD. Exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, alcohol, or
certain toxins during pregnancy, as well as premature birth or low birth weight,
have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD.
It is worth noting that ADHD can affect individuals across the entire intellectual
ability spectrum. While it is more commonly observed in individuals with learning
difficulties, it can also occur in individuals with average or above-average
intellectual abilities. The impact of ADHD can vary based on factors such as the
severity of symptoms, the individual's coping mechanisms, and the presence of
co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression. If concerns arise regarding
ADHD, it is recommended to initiate a discussion with the child's teacher or
school personnel. They can provide valuable insights and observations that can
contribute to a comprehensive evaluation. Additionally, seeking professional help
from healthcare providers, such as paediatricians, psychologists, or psychiatrists,
who specialise in ADHD diagnosis and treatment, is essential. These
professionals can conduct a thorough evaluation, which may involve
2
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
comprehensive assessments, interviews, and observations, to determine the
presence and severity of ADHD. Alongside this, there are several support groups
and charities such as - The ADHD Foundation a UK-based organisation that
provides support, resources, and advocacy for individuals with ADHD. Their
mission is to improve the lives of people affected by ADHD through raising
awareness, providing training, and promoting evidence-based interventions.
They offer a range of services, including diagnostic assessments, educational
support, training for professionals, and support for parents and families. The
ADHD Foundation also engages in research and campaigns to increase
understanding and reduce stigma surrounding ADHD. ADDISS is a national
charity organisation in the UK that specialises in providing information, support,
and resources for individuals with ADHD and related conditions. They offer a
helpline for individuals seeking advice and guidance, as well as publications and
online resources to educate and inform about ADHD. ADDISS works to raise
awareness of ADHD, provides training for professionals, and supports research
into the condition. They also offer support groups and workshops for individuals
with ADHD and their families. ADHD Support UK is a charity organisation
dedicated to supporting individuals with ADHD and their families across the
United Kingdom. They provide a wide range of services, including online support
groups, workshops, and training sessions. ADHD Support UK offers information
and resources about ADHD, advocacy support, and assistance with navigating
educational and healthcare systems. They aim to empower individuals with
ADHD, promote understanding, and improve access to appropriate support and
interventions.
Cerebral palsy is a lifelong condition that affects movement and coordination. It
is caused by damage or abnormalities in the developing brain, occurring either
before or shortly after birth. The symptoms of cerebral palsy include delays in
reaching developmental milestones, appearing stiff or floppy, having weak arms
and legs, experiencing random uncontrolled movements, walking on tiptoes, and
encountering various difficulties such as swallowing and speech development. If
there are concerns about cerebral palsy, it is important to consult with a
healthcare professional, such as a GP or specialist, who can conduct tests and
assessments to determine the presence of the condition. As of today, there is
currently no cure for cerebral palsy. However, there are available treatments
aimed at helping individuals with the condition lead as active and independent
lives as possible. These treatments include physiotherapy, which involves
exercises and stretching to maintain physical ability and potentially improve
movement problems. Speech therapy is also used to address speech and
communication difficulties as well as swallowing issues. Occupational therapy
helps identify and address problems in conducting everyday tasks, providing
suggestions to make them easier. Medication may be prescribed to manage
muscle stiffness and other difficulties, and in certain cases, surgery may be
offered to address movement and growth problems.
While cerebral palsy may limit a child's activities and independence, most
children with the condition live into adulthood, and many go on to lead full and
independent lives. There are numerous support groups available to provide
information, advice, and assistance to children and parents dealing with cerebral
palsy. One prominent UK charity is Scope, which offers support and advice to
individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. They provide resources, an
3
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
online community, and a free telephone helpline. Another UK charity that
supports people with cerebral palsy is Bobath Children's Therapy Centre Wales.
Bobath is a specialist therapy center that provides multidisciplinary support for
children and families affected by cerebral palsy. They offer a range of services,
including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language
therapy, tailored to meet the individual needs of each child. The team at Bobath
works closely with families to develop personalised therapy programs and
provide ongoing support and guidance. They also offer training and educational
programs for parents, carers, and professionals to enhance understanding and
promote best practices in cerebral palsy care. Bobath is dedicated to improving
the quality of life for individuals with cerebral palsy and their families through
comprehensive therapy and support.
Sandwell General Hospital is a healthcare facility located in Sandwell, UK. It
provides a range of medical services to the local community and is part of the
Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust. The hospital offers numerous
services, including inpatient paediatrics, general surgery, and stroke care. It has
a team of resolute healthcare professionals who strive to deliver high-quality
care to patients. As for future, The Midland Metropolitan University Hospital, set
to open in 2024, will serve as the central hub for acute and emergency care at
the Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust. This new hospital represents a
consolidation of expertise from various departments within the organisation,
creating a central facility that proudly serves the diverse communities in the
region. Located in a designated regeneration zone, the hospital not only signifies
progress in healthcare but also presents an opportunity to refresh the area. With
a focus on emergency, maternity, children's, and adult acute inpatient services,
the hospital will cater to a population of half a million people. By bringing
together acute and emergency care services currently spread across City
Hospital and Sandwell Hospital, the facility in Smethwick aims to provide
seamless and comprehensive care to patients. Sandwell General Hospital
collaborates with various healthcare professionals from different services to
provide holistic care. These services include stroke care, cancer care, neurology,
elderly care, respiratory care, and sexual health. By working together, the
hospital aims to address the diverse needs of patients and provide
comprehensive support across different medical specialties. Within the Diabetes
healthcare professionals, Sandwell General Hospital has Diabetes Dietitians who
play a significant role in supporting patients with diabetes. They aid with insulin
therapy, carbohydrate counting, and lifestyle improvement. The dietitians
typically collaborate with patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes, Type 1
diabetes, or Type 2 diabetes (on triple therapy). They run outpatient clinics and
collaborate with the Think Glucose Team, which focuses on promoting best
practices in diabetes management and care.
The Orchard School is a special school that caters to children aged 2 to 11 years
with a wide range of complex learning difficulties. The school has planned places
for 147 pupils. Upon entry to The Orchard School, all children have an Education,
Health, and Care Plan (EHCP) that details the required provision for each child.
The EHCP is reviewed annually in collaboration with all agencies involved with
the child and their families. The effectiveness of the school's provision is
evaluated through robust procedures for self-evaluation and monitoring.
Members of the senior leadership team monitor children's progress each term,
4
Deya Mohammedsaeed
Introduction
This assignment will be based on the following case studies concerning the
Kyler’s and application of psychological perspectives within health and social
care setting.
Katrina Kyler is 38 years old. She is clinically obese, has developed type 2
diabetes, and does not engage in any physical activity. She has never been
employed and relies on benefits for income, which she refers to as being paid
while waiting for the payment date. Katrina lacks confidence and self-belief. She
has limited qualifications and no work experience. Currently, she is attending a
diabetes clinic at Sandwell General Hospital. The nurse at the clinic discovers
that Katrina has not fulfilled any of her previous agreements to better manage
her blood sugar levels.
Kary Kyler is 10 years old and attends The Orchard School. He has cerebral palsy
and ADHD. Kary's physical needs are associated with mobility limitations, and he
depends on a wheelchair for mobility. His behavioural needs are influenced by his
difficulty in following instructions. Kary often becomes frustrated and angry,
resorting to shouting, pinching, and kicking his care workers. Listening to music
helps calm him down, and he enjoys it. Despite his challenges, Kary excels in
mathematics.
Katrina has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a condition where the body
doesn't use insulin effectively and results in high blood sugar levels. Type 2
diabetes is often linked to an inactive lifestyle, obesity, and poor eating habits.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst, weight
loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. If left untreated, it can lead to long-term
complications like heart disease, stroke, kidney damage, nerve damage, eye
problems, foot problems, and a higher risk of infections. To manage her
condition, Katrina's healthcare provider may prescribe medication, such as
metformin, which helps lower blood sugar levels. The National Health Service
(NHS) provides thorough healthcare services and supports individuals with type 2
diabetes by promoting lifestyle changes like adopting a healthy diet, increasing
physical activity, and losing weight if necessary. The NHS also provides regular
monitoring of blood sugar levels, check-ups, and self-management education to
prevent complications and improve overall health and well-being.
Type 2 diabetes is caused by issues with insulin in the body, and it is commonly
diagnosed in individuals who are inactive and overweight such as Katrina. To
lead a healthy life, Katrina needs to amend her diet and lifestyle, take prescribed
medications, and attend appointments with her general practitioner (GP) and
local hospitals. Regular eye check-ups are also important, as blurred vision or
seeing floating shapes can be common symptoms of type 2 diabetes. The NHS
offers A1C tests to diagnose diabetes, which measure average blood sugar levels
over the past three months. It is important for Katrina to maintain healthy blood
sugar levels. A level below 5.7% is considered normal, while a level above 6.4%
indicates prediabetes and a higher risk of developing diabetes. A level of 6.5% or
higher suggests diabetes and immediate medical attention and testing are
needed for diagnosis.
Support groups can provide valuable assistance for individuals like Katrina.
Some examples of support groups that could help her are diabetes management
1
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
classes, healthy lifestyle workshops, and peer support groups for individuals with
type 2 diabetes. Diabetes UK has local groups throughout the UK that organise
regular meetings and events for individuals with diabetes. These groups offer
opportunities for face-to-face interactions, peer support, and educational
sessions on various aspects of managing type 2 diabetes. DESMOND (Diabetes
Education and Self-Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) is an NHS-
supported program that provides structured education and support for
individuals with type 2 diabetes. It offers group sessions led by healthcare
professionals where participants learn about self-management strategies,
lifestyle changes, and gaining a better understanding of their condition. X-PERT
Health is an organisation that offers structured education programs for
individuals with type 2 diabetes in the UK. These programs are designed to
provide practical knowledge, skills, and support to help individuals manage their
diabetes effectively. The sessions are delivered in a group setting by trained
healthcare professionals.
Kery has ADHD, which stands for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. ADHD
affects a person's behaviour and can make them appear restless, have trouble
concentrating, and act impulsively. The symptoms of ADHD are usually noticed at
a young age and can become more noticeable when a child's circumstances
change. For example, when a child starts school or moves to an unfamiliar
environment, the symptoms may become more evident. ADHD is often
diagnosed in childhood, but it can also be diagnosed later in life. While the
symptoms of ADHD tend to improve with age, adults who were diagnosed at a
youthful age may still face challenges throughout their lifetime. People with
ADHD may also experience additional problems such as insomnia, anxiety
disorders, and in some cases, schizophrenia.
The exact cause of ADHD remains unknown, but research suggests that genetics
play a significant role in its development. Studies have identified several
differences in the brains of individuals with ADHD compared to those without the
condition. These differences involve specific brain regions and the
neurotransmitter systems involved in regulating attention, impulsivity, and
executive functions. Furthermore, other factors, such as environmental
influences and pregnancy-related factors, may also contribute to the
development of ADHD. Exposure to substances like tobacco smoke, alcohol, or
certain toxins during pregnancy, as well as premature birth or low birth weight,
have been associated with an increased risk of ADHD.
It is worth noting that ADHD can affect individuals across the entire intellectual
ability spectrum. While it is more commonly observed in individuals with learning
difficulties, it can also occur in individuals with average or above-average
intellectual abilities. The impact of ADHD can vary based on factors such as the
severity of symptoms, the individual's coping mechanisms, and the presence of
co-occurring conditions such as anxiety or depression. If concerns arise regarding
ADHD, it is recommended to initiate a discussion with the child's teacher or
school personnel. They can provide valuable insights and observations that can
contribute to a comprehensive evaluation. Additionally, seeking professional help
from healthcare providers, such as paediatricians, psychologists, or psychiatrists,
who specialise in ADHD diagnosis and treatment, is essential. These
professionals can conduct a thorough evaluation, which may involve
2
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
comprehensive assessments, interviews, and observations, to determine the
presence and severity of ADHD. Alongside this, there are several support groups
and charities such as - The ADHD Foundation a UK-based organisation that
provides support, resources, and advocacy for individuals with ADHD. Their
mission is to improve the lives of people affected by ADHD through raising
awareness, providing training, and promoting evidence-based interventions.
They offer a range of services, including diagnostic assessments, educational
support, training for professionals, and support for parents and families. The
ADHD Foundation also engages in research and campaigns to increase
understanding and reduce stigma surrounding ADHD. ADDISS is a national
charity organisation in the UK that specialises in providing information, support,
and resources for individuals with ADHD and related conditions. They offer a
helpline for individuals seeking advice and guidance, as well as publications and
online resources to educate and inform about ADHD. ADDISS works to raise
awareness of ADHD, provides training for professionals, and supports research
into the condition. They also offer support groups and workshops for individuals
with ADHD and their families. ADHD Support UK is a charity organisation
dedicated to supporting individuals with ADHD and their families across the
United Kingdom. They provide a wide range of services, including online support
groups, workshops, and training sessions. ADHD Support UK offers information
and resources about ADHD, advocacy support, and assistance with navigating
educational and healthcare systems. They aim to empower individuals with
ADHD, promote understanding, and improve access to appropriate support and
interventions.
Cerebral palsy is a lifelong condition that affects movement and coordination. It
is caused by damage or abnormalities in the developing brain, occurring either
before or shortly after birth. The symptoms of cerebral palsy include delays in
reaching developmental milestones, appearing stiff or floppy, having weak arms
and legs, experiencing random uncontrolled movements, walking on tiptoes, and
encountering various difficulties such as swallowing and speech development. If
there are concerns about cerebral palsy, it is important to consult with a
healthcare professional, such as a GP or specialist, who can conduct tests and
assessments to determine the presence of the condition. As of today, there is
currently no cure for cerebral palsy. However, there are available treatments
aimed at helping individuals with the condition lead as active and independent
lives as possible. These treatments include physiotherapy, which involves
exercises and stretching to maintain physical ability and potentially improve
movement problems. Speech therapy is also used to address speech and
communication difficulties as well as swallowing issues. Occupational therapy
helps identify and address problems in conducting everyday tasks, providing
suggestions to make them easier. Medication may be prescribed to manage
muscle stiffness and other difficulties, and in certain cases, surgery may be
offered to address movement and growth problems.
While cerebral palsy may limit a child's activities and independence, most
children with the condition live into adulthood, and many go on to lead full and
independent lives. There are numerous support groups available to provide
information, advice, and assistance to children and parents dealing with cerebral
palsy. One prominent UK charity is Scope, which offers support and advice to
individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. They provide resources, an
3
, Learning Aim C
Deya Mohammedsaeed
online community, and a free telephone helpline. Another UK charity that
supports people with cerebral palsy is Bobath Children's Therapy Centre Wales.
Bobath is a specialist therapy center that provides multidisciplinary support for
children and families affected by cerebral palsy. They offer a range of services,
including physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and speech and language
therapy, tailored to meet the individual needs of each child. The team at Bobath
works closely with families to develop personalised therapy programs and
provide ongoing support and guidance. They also offer training and educational
programs for parents, carers, and professionals to enhance understanding and
promote best practices in cerebral palsy care. Bobath is dedicated to improving
the quality of life for individuals with cerebral palsy and their families through
comprehensive therapy and support.
Sandwell General Hospital is a healthcare facility located in Sandwell, UK. It
provides a range of medical services to the local community and is part of the
Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust. The hospital offers numerous
services, including inpatient paediatrics, general surgery, and stroke care. It has
a team of resolute healthcare professionals who strive to deliver high-quality
care to patients. As for future, The Midland Metropolitan University Hospital, set
to open in 2024, will serve as the central hub for acute and emergency care at
the Sandwell and West Birmingham NHS Trust. This new hospital represents a
consolidation of expertise from various departments within the organisation,
creating a central facility that proudly serves the diverse communities in the
region. Located in a designated regeneration zone, the hospital not only signifies
progress in healthcare but also presents an opportunity to refresh the area. With
a focus on emergency, maternity, children's, and adult acute inpatient services,
the hospital will cater to a population of half a million people. By bringing
together acute and emergency care services currently spread across City
Hospital and Sandwell Hospital, the facility in Smethwick aims to provide
seamless and comprehensive care to patients. Sandwell General Hospital
collaborates with various healthcare professionals from different services to
provide holistic care. These services include stroke care, cancer care, neurology,
elderly care, respiratory care, and sexual health. By working together, the
hospital aims to address the diverse needs of patients and provide
comprehensive support across different medical specialties. Within the Diabetes
healthcare professionals, Sandwell General Hospital has Diabetes Dietitians who
play a significant role in supporting patients with diabetes. They aid with insulin
therapy, carbohydrate counting, and lifestyle improvement. The dietitians
typically collaborate with patients diagnosed with gestational diabetes, Type 1
diabetes, or Type 2 diabetes (on triple therapy). They run outpatient clinics and
collaborate with the Think Glucose Team, which focuses on promoting best
practices in diabetes management and care.
The Orchard School is a special school that caters to children aged 2 to 11 years
with a wide range of complex learning difficulties. The school has planned places
for 147 pupils. Upon entry to The Orchard School, all children have an Education,
Health, and Care Plan (EHCP) that details the required provision for each child.
The EHCP is reviewed annually in collaboration with all agencies involved with
the child and their families. The effectiveness of the school's provision is
evaluated through robust procedures for self-evaluation and monitoring.
Members of the senior leadership team monitor children's progress each term,
4
