What is culture ? Hofstede's values
WorldviewMaruskitayamaa
>
-
·
Classified cultural patterns at country level
information system
Culture :
unique meaning 8 work related values of IBM employees in 1970s portant
buttheuareNotparttuoukwes
!
I transmitted across generations Four classic dimensions :
·
shared by a
group self-construal the way you define
Interdependent
:
which members of
·
info
·
Individualism/Collectivism : degree to
o organize
Aschema with which to evaluate a society depend on each other
loose ,
A Individualism : ppl feel independent ties are , Criticism :
Culture is built through 4 sources :
everyone is expected to make individual choices (US) ·
Little empirical evidence
differences wout
↑ Collectivism : ppI are interdependent as members ·
Much research assumes paying
. Group life
1 self
ties attention to
of larger wholes , are
strong (Japan)
. Environment
2 ·
power distance :
degree to which ppl in a
group accept between Culture , Mental processes
Associations
how power is distributed unequally
. Resources
3 8 behavior
·
NL Japan
4
. Developed human mind Culture Asmth we lear n
Masculinity/femininity
-
· :
extent to which society
driven by success Newborns -d Cultureless'
is more
·
money , f
Cultural Psychology study of cultural influences : , things (M)
of life
or by
enculturation
caring for one another o quality Learn through
(F)
·
on psychological processes of behavior
the
·
Uncertainty avoidance : degree to which groups are Views on
universality of psychological processes :
↓ Cross-cultural research :
avoid psychological processes areea
willing
AbsolutismClaims
to all
or
accept uncertainty · :
Test hypotheses & findings in different
Two more dimensions were added later :
·
Relativism not all underlying processes are the
settings
·
: same ,
cultural
term Orientation : extent
Longterm/Short to which a some are culture
·
depending o n the
·
Explore other cultures to discover Society retains
connections related to the past to ·
Universalism : Underlying Processes are the same
future for its just expression that may be different
Cultural 8 psychological variation deal w/ presentf everyone ,
universal We also have to
distinguish between manifest (observable
Integrate findings
-o more ·
Indulgence/restraint degree
·
: to which pp I in the
·
behavior)& latent (underlying processes)
Psychology feel its good
group to
be free , impulses should
of life that are the same in every
be followedI good things in life should be enjoyed
·
Etics : aspects
Psychology to Hofstede's Culture or universal psychological concepts
Van de Viler+ (2023)
: latitudinal Criticism Cultural dimensions :
of life that
·
Emics : aspects differ by culture or
can affect certain Low face validity
-a only small differences by wh countries
Distance from country to equator
·
Culture Specific concepts
·
-
can be attributed to the dimensions
Psychological variables ·
Added dimensions -D unclear 8 difficult to understand
D Creativity,
aggression of individualism WEIRD Psychology
Minkov (2017) asks :
research is mainly conducted
Psychological among
Terminology ·
Are IMB employees representative of their countries ?
WEIRD samples
·
Do the dimensions replicate ?
Community Culture :
Industrialized , Rich , f Democratic
·
·
Do the dimensions have internal reliability ? ↑ Western Educated
interpersonal relationships
, ,
·
community is general structure of ·
Do the dimensions have predictive
properties ? ·
Not representative of humankind
btwn individuals/groups ecological fallacy ?
·
the Henrich et al . (2010)
·
Culture is meaning associated / these groups (2004)
Beliefs-Bonds Leung ·
Focused on fact that many psychological processes are assumed
CountryCulture
as universal evidence
·
ws
can coexisa
no
in which many cultures ·
social axoms : culture-level beliefs
legal state Questioned the ability discern universal
to
psychological phenomena
·
:
hamic externality : beliefs related to external forces
· Modern industrialized us Small s cale Societies : Cultural differences
Spirit
.
Race : socially constructed concept given meaning bu culture such as fate 8
experience stimuli
·
,
Atenato be & collectivistic on how we
characterized by equal nationality geographical
·
High dynamic Non-western : Western Cultures tend to be more
Ethnicity : groups Western vs
,
the world
·
·
Societal cunicism : pessimism towards
.
·
individualistic N owe r
westers USASee
origin culture, , or language rate conformity
Americans vs . Other
·
s
Norms-Gelfand (2011) most individualistic
Contents of culture Culture in the world,
·
Tight Cultures : Culture wh Strong norms f low tolerance for
·
University educated vs .
non-educatederwesternCulturea thin USA
Objective elements (explicit) : physical tangible artifacts deviant behavior (Singapore)
·
,
there are differences btwn educated of non-educated individuals
found in a culture
regularly ·
weak cultures : Culture w/ weak norms f
high tolerance for
*
clothing , architecture , art , foods etc. deviant behavior (Greece)
Subjective elementsimplicitnot physical artifactsou e
·
a
&
D values , beliefs , worldviews ,
attitudes Related to ecological threats
, 2) Experiments research in which one variable is
Methods& Bias
:
manipulated to observe its effect on another
Priming manipulating participants train
:
of
·
Methods thought to observe behavioral change
3 types of studies in Cultural Psych
Behavioral : manipulating
:
the environment
·
Cross-cultural validation of
·
studies : Validity f reliability to observe behavioral
change
a scale ,
test , or measure originally developed in one
Culture is examined across different cultures Bias in Research
cultural studies allow for in-depth analysis into Bias-D systematic endangers comparability
Indigenous single er ror that the
: a ·
·
of data across cultures of groups
culture
Construct Bias measured construc t is
cross-cultural comparison studies : Psychological constructs identical across
: not
are
·
·
cultures
from
/
groups
compared btwn participants 2 or more cultures
& Model bias : does the theoretical framework of whatever
can look a t
Cross-cultural Comparison ...
we are measuring translate the same
way
hypothesis testing : across cultures
Exploratory vs .
-
Exploratory : Whether cultural differences similarities exist ·
Method bias : related
·
to samples , instruments of administration
·
Hypothesis testing : Why cultural differences exist ↑ Sample bias : cross-cultural variation in sample characteristics
contextual factors
Presence vs . Absence of * Instrument bias measurement instrument might
:
-
:
·
Contextual factors are variables that can explain cross-cultural differences be biased
Structure level oriented
vs
Stimulus familiarity
-
.
:
·
structure-oriented : compare constructs relationships Response Styles
·
,
measures or w/ ·
other constructs ↑ Administration bias
differences btwn average
: administration conditions
·
Level-oriented Compare
:
scores across cultures
A
Interpretational bias :
interpreting data based on own culture
-
Individual vs . ecological measurement levelli *
Linguistic/itembias : concern whether o r not terms in a
Individual level : unit of analysis is data from individuals
translated
·
have the same
language meaning when
·
Ecological level : unit of analysis is from countries or cultures
Equivalence : level of comparability across culturesf groups
Ecological
·
fallacy . Construct equivalence
1
I t is important to
distinguish levels A can't assume isomorphism . Measurement unit
2 equivalence
Isomorphism A relationship . Full
3
btwn variables is the
every level
same score
at equivalence
·
Paradox How can bias be minimized ?
Simpsons ·
Relationship in one life that does exist in another
Design
·
not
·
·
Ecological fallacy : When country level data are used to make ·
Implementation
Statements abt individuals of that country ·
Analysis
·
Another mistake -
D Dichotomies
of research :
Types
& Most cultural aspects are dimensions not categories Qualitative : natural
setting
·
,
Quantitative independent
·
: a depend a
Designing Cross-Cultural Research
·
Major challenge establishing whether differences : btwn cultures Stem
from cultural causes o r not
& conceptualization
Zimportant
issues researchers
& level of analysis need to account fo r
* influence of individual
·
Studies that aim to find a link btwn
psychological of Cultural
variables :
Linkage studies
1) Unpacking studies : general , non-specific concepts are
translated into specific ,
measurable constructs which can
be examined
↓ Context variables which operationalize Cultural constructs
Poorting a (2016 2027) Dculture as an onion you have to peel
-
.
WorldviewMaruskitayamaa
>
-
·
Classified cultural patterns at country level
information system
Culture :
unique meaning 8 work related values of IBM employees in 1970s portant
buttheuareNotparttuoukwes
!
I transmitted across generations Four classic dimensions :
·
shared by a
group self-construal the way you define
Interdependent
:
which members of
·
info
·
Individualism/Collectivism : degree to
o organize
Aschema with which to evaluate a society depend on each other
loose ,
A Individualism : ppl feel independent ties are , Criticism :
Culture is built through 4 sources :
everyone is expected to make individual choices (US) ·
Little empirical evidence
differences wout
↑ Collectivism : ppI are interdependent as members ·
Much research assumes paying
. Group life
1 self
ties attention to
of larger wholes , are
strong (Japan)
. Environment
2 ·
power distance :
degree to which ppl in a
group accept between Culture , Mental processes
Associations
how power is distributed unequally
. Resources
3 8 behavior
·
NL Japan
4
. Developed human mind Culture Asmth we lear n
Masculinity/femininity
-
· :
extent to which society
driven by success Newborns -d Cultureless'
is more
·
money , f
Cultural Psychology study of cultural influences : , things (M)
of life
or by
enculturation
caring for one another o quality Learn through
(F)
·
on psychological processes of behavior
the
·
Uncertainty avoidance : degree to which groups are Views on
universality of psychological processes :
↓ Cross-cultural research :
avoid psychological processes areea
willing
AbsolutismClaims
to all
or
accept uncertainty · :
Test hypotheses & findings in different
Two more dimensions were added later :
·
Relativism not all underlying processes are the
settings
·
: same ,
cultural
term Orientation : extent
Longterm/Short to which a some are culture
·
depending o n the
·
Explore other cultures to discover Society retains
connections related to the past to ·
Universalism : Underlying Processes are the same
future for its just expression that may be different
Cultural 8 psychological variation deal w/ presentf everyone ,
universal We also have to
distinguish between manifest (observable
Integrate findings
-o more ·
Indulgence/restraint degree
·
: to which pp I in the
·
behavior)& latent (underlying processes)
Psychology feel its good
group to
be free , impulses should
of life that are the same in every
be followedI good things in life should be enjoyed
·
Etics : aspects
Psychology to Hofstede's Culture or universal psychological concepts
Van de Viler+ (2023)
: latitudinal Criticism Cultural dimensions :
of life that
·
Emics : aspects differ by culture or
can affect certain Low face validity
-a only small differences by wh countries
Distance from country to equator
·
Culture Specific concepts
·
-
can be attributed to the dimensions
Psychological variables ·
Added dimensions -D unclear 8 difficult to understand
D Creativity,
aggression of individualism WEIRD Psychology
Minkov (2017) asks :
research is mainly conducted
Psychological among
Terminology ·
Are IMB employees representative of their countries ?
WEIRD samples
·
Do the dimensions replicate ?
Community Culture :
Industrialized , Rich , f Democratic
·
·
Do the dimensions have internal reliability ? ↑ Western Educated
interpersonal relationships
, ,
·
community is general structure of ·
Do the dimensions have predictive
properties ? ·
Not representative of humankind
btwn individuals/groups ecological fallacy ?
·
the Henrich et al . (2010)
·
Culture is meaning associated / these groups (2004)
Beliefs-Bonds Leung ·
Focused on fact that many psychological processes are assumed
CountryCulture
as universal evidence
·
ws
can coexisa
no
in which many cultures ·
social axoms : culture-level beliefs
legal state Questioned the ability discern universal
to
psychological phenomena
·
:
hamic externality : beliefs related to external forces
· Modern industrialized us Small s cale Societies : Cultural differences
Spirit
.
Race : socially constructed concept given meaning bu culture such as fate 8
experience stimuli
·
,
Atenato be & collectivistic on how we
characterized by equal nationality geographical
·
High dynamic Non-western : Western Cultures tend to be more
Ethnicity : groups Western vs
,
the world
·
·
Societal cunicism : pessimism towards
.
·
individualistic N owe r
westers USASee
origin culture, , or language rate conformity
Americans vs . Other
·
s
Norms-Gelfand (2011) most individualistic
Contents of culture Culture in the world,
·
Tight Cultures : Culture wh Strong norms f low tolerance for
·
University educated vs .
non-educatederwesternCulturea thin USA
Objective elements (explicit) : physical tangible artifacts deviant behavior (Singapore)
·
,
there are differences btwn educated of non-educated individuals
found in a culture
regularly ·
weak cultures : Culture w/ weak norms f
high tolerance for
*
clothing , architecture , art , foods etc. deviant behavior (Greece)
Subjective elementsimplicitnot physical artifactsou e
·
a
&
D values , beliefs , worldviews ,
attitudes Related to ecological threats
, 2) Experiments research in which one variable is
Methods& Bias
:
manipulated to observe its effect on another
Priming manipulating participants train
:
of
·
Methods thought to observe behavioral change
3 types of studies in Cultural Psych
Behavioral : manipulating
:
the environment
·
Cross-cultural validation of
·
studies : Validity f reliability to observe behavioral
change
a scale ,
test , or measure originally developed in one
Culture is examined across different cultures Bias in Research
cultural studies allow for in-depth analysis into Bias-D systematic endangers comparability
Indigenous single er ror that the
: a ·
·
of data across cultures of groups
culture
Construct Bias measured construc t is
cross-cultural comparison studies : Psychological constructs identical across
: not
are
·
·
cultures
from
/
groups
compared btwn participants 2 or more cultures
& Model bias : does the theoretical framework of whatever
can look a t
Cross-cultural Comparison ...
we are measuring translate the same
way
hypothesis testing : across cultures
Exploratory vs .
-
Exploratory : Whether cultural differences similarities exist ·
Method bias : related
·
to samples , instruments of administration
·
Hypothesis testing : Why cultural differences exist ↑ Sample bias : cross-cultural variation in sample characteristics
contextual factors
Presence vs . Absence of * Instrument bias measurement instrument might
:
-
:
·
Contextual factors are variables that can explain cross-cultural differences be biased
Structure level oriented
vs
Stimulus familiarity
-
.
:
·
structure-oriented : compare constructs relationships Response Styles
·
,
measures or w/ ·
other constructs ↑ Administration bias
differences btwn average
: administration conditions
·
Level-oriented Compare
:
scores across cultures
A
Interpretational bias :
interpreting data based on own culture
-
Individual vs . ecological measurement levelli *
Linguistic/itembias : concern whether o r not terms in a
Individual level : unit of analysis is data from individuals
translated
·
have the same
language meaning when
·
Ecological level : unit of analysis is from countries or cultures
Equivalence : level of comparability across culturesf groups
Ecological
·
fallacy . Construct equivalence
1
I t is important to
distinguish levels A can't assume isomorphism . Measurement unit
2 equivalence
Isomorphism A relationship . Full
3
btwn variables is the
every level
same score
at equivalence
·
Paradox How can bias be minimized ?
Simpsons ·
Relationship in one life that does exist in another
Design
·
not
·
·
Ecological fallacy : When country level data are used to make ·
Implementation
Statements abt individuals of that country ·
Analysis
·
Another mistake -
D Dichotomies
of research :
Types
& Most cultural aspects are dimensions not categories Qualitative : natural
setting
·
,
Quantitative independent
·
: a depend a
Designing Cross-Cultural Research
·
Major challenge establishing whether differences : btwn cultures Stem
from cultural causes o r not
& conceptualization
Zimportant
issues researchers
& level of analysis need to account fo r
* influence of individual
·
Studies that aim to find a link btwn
psychological of Cultural
variables :
Linkage studies
1) Unpacking studies : general , non-specific concepts are
translated into specific ,
measurable constructs which can
be examined
↓ Context variables which operationalize Cultural constructs
Poorting a (2016 2027) Dculture as an onion you have to peel
-
.
