AQA_2024: A-level History - Component 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme)

AQA_2024: A-level History - Component 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 (Merged Question Paper and Marking Scheme) A-level HISTORY Component 1D Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702 Thursday 23 May 2024 Materials For this paper you must have:  an AQA 16-page answer book. Instructions Morning Time allowed: 2 hours 30 minutes  Use black ink or black ball-point pen.  Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Paper Reference is 7042/1D.  Answer three questions. In Section A answer Question 01. In Section B answer two questions. Information  The marks for questions are shown in brackets.  The maximum mark for this paper is 80.  You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. Advice  You are advised to spend about: – 1 hour on Question 01 from Section A – 45 minutes on each of the two questions answered from Section B. key areas: 1. James I (1603–1625): Conflict over the divine right of kings, financial issues, and tensions with Parliament, especially over religion and taxation. 2. Charles I (1625–1649): Personal rule (1629–1640), imposition of Laudianism, and ship money led to conflicts with Parliament, culminating in the English Civil War (1642–1651). 3. English Civil War (1642–1651): Conflict between Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads), leading to Charles I's execution in 1649 and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. IB/M/Jun24/7042/1D 3 4. The Commonwealth (1649–1660): Cromwell’s rule as Lord Protector, military control, and authoritarianism. Decline after Cromwell’s death. 5. Restoration of Charles II (1660–1685): Return of the monarchy, tensions with Parliament, and religious conflict, notably the Exclusion Crisis over succession. 6. James II (1685–1688): Catholic sympathies, absolutist rule, and conflicts leading to his deposition in the Glorious Revolution. 7. The Glorious Revolution (1688): William and Mary’s ascent to the throne, the Bill of Rights (1689), and the establishment of constitutional monarchy. IB/M/Jun24/7042/1D Turn over ► 4 IB/M/Jun24/7042/1D IB/M/Jun24/G4006/E6 7042/1D Section A Answer Question 01. Extract A Millenarianism was a central belief of Protestantism but flourished with the political events of the 1640s and 1650s. Most Protestants believed that a war between the forces of Christ and Antichrist would end in a final battle and the Millennium would be established when King Jesus returned to rule on earth. Thus, defined in this sense, there is little doubt that Millenarianism, far from being the belief of a few eccentrics, was part of the mainstream of Protestant intellectual life. However, groups like the Fifth Monarchists have been dismissed by some as fanatical eccentrics. In a sense this is not surprising. For them the civil wars and Charles I’s execution were signs of the coming of King Jesus. As ridiculous as these ideas seem, they were well in line with those held by many people due to the political events of 1640 to 1660. The uniqueness of the Fifth Monarchists as Millenarians in these years was their plans for a temporary government controlled by a minority until the Millennium. Adapted from B Coward, The Stuart Age, 1984 5 10 Extract B The appeal of popular Millenarianism in the 1640s and 1650s came from the hope it offered. At a popular level, the Millennium seems to have meant a future world freed from the insecurity of the seventeenth century. Wars would cease. Crops would be gathered without the age-old fear of harvest failure. The workers alone, liberated from taxes, tithes and rent, would benefit from their labour. Family life would be transformed by the assurance of perfect health. In a period of recession, fighting and confusion, such promises had an obvious appeal and were used by groups like the Diggers in reaching out to ordinary people. The popular appeal of Millenarianism also came from the cheap printing the various groups could make use of to popularise their vision. Thus, in these turbulent years, Millenarianism was not confined to the elite or to those who were Fifth Monarchists, but had a widespread popular appeal because of the hope it offered to ordinary people of an end to their economic and social problems. Adapted from B Capp, The Fifth Monarchists and Popular Millenarianism, 1984 5 10 3 Extract C What made Fifth Monarchists more dangerous and different from other Millenarians was the central place they gave to their doctrine and their commitment to make their ideas a political reality at any cost, including by force. The unrest that they stirred up was a consequence of events from 1640 which encouraged Millenarian hopes. In terms of their support, their critics often overestimated their size. Fifth Monarchists were strong in the south, especially in towns, with London being the centre of their activity. Among their leaders were several army officers and chaplains, as well as state officials. The Fifth Monarchists also posed a considerable threat through the 1650s as they sowed discontent among the soldiers and carried on secret negotiations with other disaffected groups to create a broad oppositional alliance. The Fifth Monarchists were different from other Millenarians in that they were not, despite the range of their support, egalitarian. They envisaged, after the Millennium, an elevation of themselves to form a new upper class, by force if needed. Adapted from A Bradstock, Radical Religion in Cromwell’s England, 2010 5 10 0 1 Using your understanding of the historical context, assess how convincing the arguments in these three extracts are in relation to Millenarianism in the years 1640 to 1660. [30 marks] Turn over for Section B IB/M/Jun24/7042/1D Turn over ► 6 IB/M/Jun24/7042/1D Section B Answer two questions. 0 2 How significant were James I’s views on monarchy in the conflict between Crown and Parliament in the years 1603 to 1625? [25 marks] 0 3 To what extent was Charles II personally responsible for the problems of the restored monarchy in the years 1660 to 1681? [25 marks] 0 4 In the years 1681 to 1702, to what extent were changes in the relationship between the Crown and the Political Nation due to fear of Catholici