Seksualiteit & Globalisering
Inhoudsopgave
Seksualiteit & Globalisering................................................................................................ 1
DEEL 1: GLOBALISERING & SEKSUALITEIT .................................................................... 6
1 Een introductie............................................................................................................ 7
2 Globalisering............................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Enkele definities: processen ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Held & McGrew (Globalisation/Anti-globalisation, 2002, p. 1) ................................... 8
2.1.2 Steger (2004, p. 13) ................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Een eerste omschrijving ............................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Dimensies van globalisering ..................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Klassieke opsplitsing (Steger, Globalization: A very short introduction) .................... 9
2.3.2 Politieke globalisering .............................................................................................. 9
2.3.3 Economische globalisering..................................................................................... 10
2.3.4 Culturele globalisering ............................................................................................ 11
2.3.5 Ideologische dimensie van globalisering ................................................................ 13
2.4 Welke globalisering?............................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1 ‘Vigorous debate’ ................................................................................................... 13
2.4.2 Globalisatietheorieën ............................................................................................. 14
2.4.3 Globalisering als kwalitatieve sprong...................................................................... 14
2.4.4 Globalisering als breuk: problemen ........................................................................ 16
2.4.5 Globalisering: Tussenstop 1 ................................................................................... 16
2.4.6 Globalisering als economisch proces ..................................................................... 17
2.4.7 Globalisering als kapitalisme .................................................................................. 17
2.4.8 Globalisering als imperialisme ................................................................................ 18
2.4.9 Creatie van een Global Underclass ........................................................................ 18
2.4.10 Globale consumptie ............................................................................................... 19
2.4.11 Globalisering als kapitalisme: problemen (Meyer, 2007) ........................................ 19
2.4.12 Globalisering: Tussenstop 2 ................................................................................... 20
2.5 Globalisering: het kan nog complexer .................................................................................... 20
2.5.1 Tot nu toe een simpele tweedeling: ........................................................................ 20
2.5.2 Maar zo simpel is het niet ....................................................................................... 20
2.6 Global/Glocal & Nothing/Something ...................................................................................... 20
2.6.1 Globalisering is een ‘multifaceted process’ (welke processen?) ............................. 20
2.6.2 Sociale vormen (‘Social Forms’) ............................................................................. 21
2.6.3 Niets en iets ........................................................................................................... 21
2.6.4 Grobalisering en glocalisering ................................................................................ 21
2.6.5 Ritzer: Grobal/Glocal & Nothing/Something............................................................ 22
2.7 Aspecten van globaliseringen ................................................................................................. 22
1
,3 Globalisering en seks ............................................................................................... 23
3.1 Global sex – belang ................................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Globale transformaties .......................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Kort literatuuroverzicht .......................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Global Sex (D. Altman, 2001) ................................................................................. 24
3.3.2 The Globalization of Sexuality (J. Binnie, 2004) ..................................................... 24
3.3.3 Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World (M.
Padilla e.a., 2007) ................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.4 Understanding Global Sexualities: New Frontiers (P. Aggleton e.a., 2012) ............ 25
3.3.5 The World We Have Won: The Remaking of Erotic and Intimate life (Weeks, 2007)
25
3.3.6 Radicale uitdaging: ‘Decolonizing Sexualities: Transnational Perspectives’ (Bakshi,
Sandeep, e.a., 2016)” .......................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Algemene bronnen ................................................................................................................. 26
DEEL 2: Mobiliteit en commercialisering ......................................................................... 27
4 Global (people) Flows ............................................................................................... 28
4.1 Globale flows van personen ................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Mobiliteit: migratie en toerisme ............................................................................................ 28
4.3 Migratie en globalisering ....................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Migratie: soorten, vormen en richtingen ............................................................................... 29
4.4.1 Routes wereldwijd .................................................................................................. 30
4.4.2 Migratie per wereldregio ......................................................................................... 30
4.4.3 Herkomst en doellanden ........................................................................................ 31
4.4.4 Migratie in België .................................................................................................... 32
4.4.5 Internationale stedelijke migratie ............................................................................ 32
4.5 Creatie van Global Underclass ............................................................................................... 33
5 Trafficking ................................................................................................................. 34
5.1 Trafficking in kaart ................................................................................................................. 34
5.1.1 Aantallen: Wie Telt Wat Waar?............................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Financieel en spatieel............................................................................................. 35
5.1.3 Complexiteit in detectie en rapportering ................................................................. 35
5.1.4 Trafficking routes .................................................................................................... 36
5.1.5 Oorsprong, doorgang en eindbestemming ............................................................. 36
5.1.6 Bronnen – algemeen .............................................................................................. 37
5.1.7 Bronnen – Verenigde Naties .................................................................................. 37
5.1.8 Bronnen – Europese Unie (EU) .............................................................................. 38
5.2 Trafficking als (moderne) slavernij ......................................................................................... 39
5.3 Trafficking als internationaal probleem ................................................................................. 39
5.4 Rol van het ‘Palermo Protocol’ ............................................................................................... 39
5.4.1 Het ‘Palermo Protocol’ ............................................................................................ 40
2
,5.4.2 Trafficking: onderdelen ........................................................................................... 40
5.4.3 Definities ................................................................................................................ 41
5.4.4 Verduidelijkingen .................................................................................................... 42
5.5 Vormen ................................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.1 Orgaanoogst (1) ..................................................................................................... 42
5.5.2 Forced Labour (2) .................................................................................................. 42
5.5.3 Kindsoldaten (3) ..................................................................................................... 42
5.5.4 Gedwongen ‘huwelijken’ (4) ................................................................................... 42
5.5.5 Prostitutie en seksindustrie (5) ............................................................................... 43
5.6 De traffickers........................................................................................................................... 44
5.7 Trafficking als proces .............................................................................................................. 44
5.8 Politieke en juridische gevolgen .............................................................................................. 44
5.9 ‘Vervolgingsbeleid’.................................................................................................................. 45
5.10 Focus – België ......................................................................................................................... 45
5.10.1 Aanleidingen .......................................................................................................... 45
5.10.2 Belgische wetgeving .............................................................................................. 46
5.10.3 Omvang ................................................................................................................. 48
5.10.4 Motieven ................................................................................................................ 48
5.10.5 Conflicten ............................................................................................................... 49
5.10.6 Controlemiddelen ................................................................................................... 49
6 Trafficking, leed, agency & ideologie ...................................................................... 50
6.1 History repeats itself? ............................................................................................................. 50
6.1.1 ‘White Slavery’ ....................................................................................................... 50
6.1.2 Happy Hookers? .................................................................................................... 50
6.2 Trafficking in de media ........................................................................................................... 51
6.2.1 Trafficking in de activistische media ....................................................................... 51
6.2.2 Trafficking in de populaire media ............................................................................ 51
6.2.3 Trafficking in de geschreven (boek)media .............................................................. 51
6.3 Heisa over het protocol: voor én na ........................................................................................ 51
6.3.1 Tijdens het ‘’Vienna Process’’................................................................................. 51
6.3.2 Inzet van de discussie? .......................................................................................... 52
6.4 Juridische/morele perspectieven ............................................................................................ 52
6.4.1 ‘Sociale value’ ........................................................................................................ 53
6.4.2 Overzicht van de modellen ..................................................................................... 53
6.4.3 MODEL 1: criminalisering ....................................................................................... 53
6.4.4 MODEL 2: gedeeltelijke criminsalisering ................................................................ 54
6.4.5 MODEL 3: legalisering ........................................................................................... 54
6.4.6 MODEL 4: decriminalisering ................................................................................... 55
6.4.7 België ..................................................................................................................... 55
6.5 Recente ontwikkelingen .......................................................................................................... 56
6.6 Kader: organisatie- en evaluatie-as ........................................................................................ 57
6.7 What’s in a name? .................................................................................................................. 57
6.7.1 ‘Sekswerk’ als discussiepunt .................................................................................. 57
6.7.2 Positief ................................................................................................................... 58
3
, 6.7.3 Negatief.................................................................................................................. 58
6.8 Prostitutie en feminisme ........................................................................................................ 59
6.9 Abolitionist feminism ............................................................................................................. 59
6.9.1 Anti-prostitutie-feminisme: historisch ...................................................................... 59
6.9.2 Porn Wars / Sex Wars ............................................................................................ 60
6.9.3 Prostitutie als Violence Against Women ................................................................. 60
6.9.4 Coalition Against Trafficking in Women .................................................................. 60
6.9.5 Sheila Jeffreys (zie tekst) ....................................................................................... 63
6.10 Vienna process – again .......................................................................................................... 64
6.11 Sex as work............................................................................................................................. 65
6.11.1 Human Rights Caucus ........................................................................................... 65
6.11.2 ‘Pro’-sekswerkstemmen en lobbygroepen .............................................................. 65
6.11.3 Laura Maria Agustin (zie tekst!) .............................................................................. 67
6.12 Seks, werk en migratie ........................................................................................................... 69
6.12.1 Global Sex Workers ............................................................................................... 69
6.12.2 Feministisch racisme? ............................................................................................ 70
7 Sekstoerisme ............................................................................................................ 71
7.1 Sekstoerisme in relatie tot migratie ....................................................................................... 72
7.2 Klassiek beeld van de sekstoerist ........................................................................................... 72
7.3 Klassieke bestemmingen ........................................................................................................ 72
7.4 Aanbod ................................................................................................................................... 73
7.5 Enkele voorbeelden ................................................................................................................ 73
7.5.1 Case 1: Thailand (‘The global brothel’) ................................................................... 73
7.5.2 Case 2: Kindersekstoerisme in Kenya .................................................................... 74
7.5.3 Case 3: lapdancing in Tenerife ............................................................................... 77
7.6 Sekstoerisme: de dimensies.................................................................................................... 77
7.6.1 Beeldvorming (1) .................................................................................................... 77
7.6.2 Tijdsframes en contexten (2) .................................................................................. 81
7.6.3 Locaties.................................................................................................................. 82
7.6.4 Providers / partners ................................................................................................ 83
7.6.5 Mediators ............................................................................................................... 83
7.6.6 Reisbureau’s .......................................................................................................... 83
7.6.7 ‘De goede sekstoerist’??? ...................................................................................... 83
7.6.8 Reistypes en reizigers ............................................................................................ 84
7.7 Vrouwelijke sekstoeristen?..................................................................................................... 84
7.7.1 Maar zijn het daarom ‘sekstoeristen’? .................................................................... 85
7.7.2 Sheila Jeffreys........................................................................................................ 85
7.7.3 ‘Missing voices’ ...................................................................................................... 86
7.8 De (mannelijke commerciële) sekstoerist............................................................................... 86
7.8.1 De (mannelijke) prostituant..................................................................................... 87
7.8.2 Bronnen en data..................................................................................................... 87
7.8.3 Trafficking .............................................................................................................. 88
7.8.4 Methode ................................................................................................................. 88
7.8.5 Di Nicola et al.: What should be done then? ........................................................... 89
4
Inhoudsopgave
Seksualiteit & Globalisering................................................................................................ 1
DEEL 1: GLOBALISERING & SEKSUALITEIT .................................................................... 6
1 Een introductie............................................................................................................ 7
2 Globalisering............................................................................................................... 8
2.1 Enkele definities: processen ...................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Held & McGrew (Globalisation/Anti-globalisation, 2002, p. 1) ................................... 8
2.1.2 Steger (2004, p. 13) ................................................................................................. 8
2.2 Een eerste omschrijving ............................................................................................................ 8
2.3 Dimensies van globalisering ..................................................................................................... 9
2.3.1 Klassieke opsplitsing (Steger, Globalization: A very short introduction) .................... 9
2.3.2 Politieke globalisering .............................................................................................. 9
2.3.3 Economische globalisering..................................................................................... 10
2.3.4 Culturele globalisering ............................................................................................ 11
2.3.5 Ideologische dimensie van globalisering ................................................................ 13
2.4 Welke globalisering?............................................................................................................... 13
2.4.1 ‘Vigorous debate’ ................................................................................................... 13
2.4.2 Globalisatietheorieën ............................................................................................. 14
2.4.3 Globalisering als kwalitatieve sprong...................................................................... 14
2.4.4 Globalisering als breuk: problemen ........................................................................ 16
2.4.5 Globalisering: Tussenstop 1 ................................................................................... 16
2.4.6 Globalisering als economisch proces ..................................................................... 17
2.4.7 Globalisering als kapitalisme .................................................................................. 17
2.4.8 Globalisering als imperialisme ................................................................................ 18
2.4.9 Creatie van een Global Underclass ........................................................................ 18
2.4.10 Globale consumptie ............................................................................................... 19
2.4.11 Globalisering als kapitalisme: problemen (Meyer, 2007) ........................................ 19
2.4.12 Globalisering: Tussenstop 2 ................................................................................... 20
2.5 Globalisering: het kan nog complexer .................................................................................... 20
2.5.1 Tot nu toe een simpele tweedeling: ........................................................................ 20
2.5.2 Maar zo simpel is het niet ....................................................................................... 20
2.6 Global/Glocal & Nothing/Something ...................................................................................... 20
2.6.1 Globalisering is een ‘multifaceted process’ (welke processen?) ............................. 20
2.6.2 Sociale vormen (‘Social Forms’) ............................................................................. 21
2.6.3 Niets en iets ........................................................................................................... 21
2.6.4 Grobalisering en glocalisering ................................................................................ 21
2.6.5 Ritzer: Grobal/Glocal & Nothing/Something............................................................ 22
2.7 Aspecten van globaliseringen ................................................................................................. 22
1
,3 Globalisering en seks ............................................................................................... 23
3.1 Global sex – belang ................................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Globale transformaties .......................................................................................................... 23
3.3 Kort literatuuroverzicht .......................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Global Sex (D. Altman, 2001) ................................................................................. 24
3.3.2 The Globalization of Sexuality (J. Binnie, 2004) ..................................................... 24
3.3.3 Love and Globalization: Transformations of Intimacy in the Contemporary World (M.
Padilla e.a., 2007) ................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.4 Understanding Global Sexualities: New Frontiers (P. Aggleton e.a., 2012) ............ 25
3.3.5 The World We Have Won: The Remaking of Erotic and Intimate life (Weeks, 2007)
25
3.3.6 Radicale uitdaging: ‘Decolonizing Sexualities: Transnational Perspectives’ (Bakshi,
Sandeep, e.a., 2016)” .......................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Algemene bronnen ................................................................................................................. 26
DEEL 2: Mobiliteit en commercialisering ......................................................................... 27
4 Global (people) Flows ............................................................................................... 28
4.1 Globale flows van personen ................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Mobiliteit: migratie en toerisme ............................................................................................ 28
4.3 Migratie en globalisering ....................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Migratie: soorten, vormen en richtingen ............................................................................... 29
4.4.1 Routes wereldwijd .................................................................................................. 30
4.4.2 Migratie per wereldregio ......................................................................................... 30
4.4.3 Herkomst en doellanden ........................................................................................ 31
4.4.4 Migratie in België .................................................................................................... 32
4.4.5 Internationale stedelijke migratie ............................................................................ 32
4.5 Creatie van Global Underclass ............................................................................................... 33
5 Trafficking ................................................................................................................. 34
5.1 Trafficking in kaart ................................................................................................................. 34
5.1.1 Aantallen: Wie Telt Wat Waar?............................................................................... 34
5.1.2 Financieel en spatieel............................................................................................. 35
5.1.3 Complexiteit in detectie en rapportering ................................................................. 35
5.1.4 Trafficking routes .................................................................................................... 36
5.1.5 Oorsprong, doorgang en eindbestemming ............................................................. 36
5.1.6 Bronnen – algemeen .............................................................................................. 37
5.1.7 Bronnen – Verenigde Naties .................................................................................. 37
5.1.8 Bronnen – Europese Unie (EU) .............................................................................. 38
5.2 Trafficking als (moderne) slavernij ......................................................................................... 39
5.3 Trafficking als internationaal probleem ................................................................................. 39
5.4 Rol van het ‘Palermo Protocol’ ............................................................................................... 39
5.4.1 Het ‘Palermo Protocol’ ............................................................................................ 40
2
,5.4.2 Trafficking: onderdelen ........................................................................................... 40
5.4.3 Definities ................................................................................................................ 41
5.4.4 Verduidelijkingen .................................................................................................... 42
5.5 Vormen ................................................................................................................................... 42
5.5.1 Orgaanoogst (1) ..................................................................................................... 42
5.5.2 Forced Labour (2) .................................................................................................. 42
5.5.3 Kindsoldaten (3) ..................................................................................................... 42
5.5.4 Gedwongen ‘huwelijken’ (4) ................................................................................... 42
5.5.5 Prostitutie en seksindustrie (5) ............................................................................... 43
5.6 De traffickers........................................................................................................................... 44
5.7 Trafficking als proces .............................................................................................................. 44
5.8 Politieke en juridische gevolgen .............................................................................................. 44
5.9 ‘Vervolgingsbeleid’.................................................................................................................. 45
5.10 Focus – België ......................................................................................................................... 45
5.10.1 Aanleidingen .......................................................................................................... 45
5.10.2 Belgische wetgeving .............................................................................................. 46
5.10.3 Omvang ................................................................................................................. 48
5.10.4 Motieven ................................................................................................................ 48
5.10.5 Conflicten ............................................................................................................... 49
5.10.6 Controlemiddelen ................................................................................................... 49
6 Trafficking, leed, agency & ideologie ...................................................................... 50
6.1 History repeats itself? ............................................................................................................. 50
6.1.1 ‘White Slavery’ ....................................................................................................... 50
6.1.2 Happy Hookers? .................................................................................................... 50
6.2 Trafficking in de media ........................................................................................................... 51
6.2.1 Trafficking in de activistische media ....................................................................... 51
6.2.2 Trafficking in de populaire media ............................................................................ 51
6.2.3 Trafficking in de geschreven (boek)media .............................................................. 51
6.3 Heisa over het protocol: voor én na ........................................................................................ 51
6.3.1 Tijdens het ‘’Vienna Process’’................................................................................. 51
6.3.2 Inzet van de discussie? .......................................................................................... 52
6.4 Juridische/morele perspectieven ............................................................................................ 52
6.4.1 ‘Sociale value’ ........................................................................................................ 53
6.4.2 Overzicht van de modellen ..................................................................................... 53
6.4.3 MODEL 1: criminalisering ....................................................................................... 53
6.4.4 MODEL 2: gedeeltelijke criminsalisering ................................................................ 54
6.4.5 MODEL 3: legalisering ........................................................................................... 54
6.4.6 MODEL 4: decriminalisering ................................................................................... 55
6.4.7 België ..................................................................................................................... 55
6.5 Recente ontwikkelingen .......................................................................................................... 56
6.6 Kader: organisatie- en evaluatie-as ........................................................................................ 57
6.7 What’s in a name? .................................................................................................................. 57
6.7.1 ‘Sekswerk’ als discussiepunt .................................................................................. 57
6.7.2 Positief ................................................................................................................... 58
3
, 6.7.3 Negatief.................................................................................................................. 58
6.8 Prostitutie en feminisme ........................................................................................................ 59
6.9 Abolitionist feminism ............................................................................................................. 59
6.9.1 Anti-prostitutie-feminisme: historisch ...................................................................... 59
6.9.2 Porn Wars / Sex Wars ............................................................................................ 60
6.9.3 Prostitutie als Violence Against Women ................................................................. 60
6.9.4 Coalition Against Trafficking in Women .................................................................. 60
6.9.5 Sheila Jeffreys (zie tekst) ....................................................................................... 63
6.10 Vienna process – again .......................................................................................................... 64
6.11 Sex as work............................................................................................................................. 65
6.11.1 Human Rights Caucus ........................................................................................... 65
6.11.2 ‘Pro’-sekswerkstemmen en lobbygroepen .............................................................. 65
6.11.3 Laura Maria Agustin (zie tekst!) .............................................................................. 67
6.12 Seks, werk en migratie ........................................................................................................... 69
6.12.1 Global Sex Workers ............................................................................................... 69
6.12.2 Feministisch racisme? ............................................................................................ 70
7 Sekstoerisme ............................................................................................................ 71
7.1 Sekstoerisme in relatie tot migratie ....................................................................................... 72
7.2 Klassiek beeld van de sekstoerist ........................................................................................... 72
7.3 Klassieke bestemmingen ........................................................................................................ 72
7.4 Aanbod ................................................................................................................................... 73
7.5 Enkele voorbeelden ................................................................................................................ 73
7.5.1 Case 1: Thailand (‘The global brothel’) ................................................................... 73
7.5.2 Case 2: Kindersekstoerisme in Kenya .................................................................... 74
7.5.3 Case 3: lapdancing in Tenerife ............................................................................... 77
7.6 Sekstoerisme: de dimensies.................................................................................................... 77
7.6.1 Beeldvorming (1) .................................................................................................... 77
7.6.2 Tijdsframes en contexten (2) .................................................................................. 81
7.6.3 Locaties.................................................................................................................. 82
7.6.4 Providers / partners ................................................................................................ 83
7.6.5 Mediators ............................................................................................................... 83
7.6.6 Reisbureau’s .......................................................................................................... 83
7.6.7 ‘De goede sekstoerist’??? ...................................................................................... 83
7.6.8 Reistypes en reizigers ............................................................................................ 84
7.7 Vrouwelijke sekstoeristen?..................................................................................................... 84
7.7.1 Maar zijn het daarom ‘sekstoeristen’? .................................................................... 85
7.7.2 Sheila Jeffreys........................................................................................................ 85
7.7.3 ‘Missing voices’ ...................................................................................................... 86
7.8 De (mannelijke commerciële) sekstoerist............................................................................... 86
7.8.1 De (mannelijke) prostituant..................................................................................... 87
7.8.2 Bronnen en data..................................................................................................... 87
7.8.3 Trafficking .............................................................................................................. 88
7.8.4 Methode ................................................................................................................. 88
7.8.5 Di Nicola et al.: What should be done then? ........................................................... 89
4
