PSYCH 2050 Ch 2 Test | Questions with Verified Answers

PSYCH 2050 Ch 2 Test | Questions with Verified Answers A is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations. personality trait Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality? Consistency across situations Which of the following ideas is NOT central to the concept of personality? Traits that are shared with others The cultural syndrome of _____________ involves putting personal goals ahead of group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group membership. Collectivism ____________ refers to an individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. Personality "Shrewd," "timid," and "self-assured" are all adjectives that can be used to represent personality traits Abel does not listen or engage with other perspectives other than his own, or try anything outside his comfort zone. Abel would BEST be described as _______________________. low in openness to experience Erica prefers not to plan ahead for much in life; she is a "fly by the seat of one's pants" or a "spur of the moment" type of person. In some cases, this carefree approach is fine; in other cases, it is careless. Erica would BEST be described as ______________________. low in conscientiousness Gary is quite the homebody. He prefers a quiet Friday night on the couch—unlike his roommate, Larry, who likes to be out all hours of the night (and morning) at parties in the city. Based on this distinction between the two roommates, Gary is ________________, and Larry is _______________. low in extraversion, high in extraversion Donald is typically uncooperative, if not downright rude with his coworkers and friends. Donald would BEST be described as _______________________. low in agreeableness Frankie is a calm and collected character. He seems to remain constant in the face of pressure at work and in his relationships. Frankie would BEST be described as _______________________. low in neuroticism Big Five traits have little correlation with important life outcomes. False Which of the following are Big Five traits? Neuroticism and openness to experience. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to Big Five research? Neuroticism is a positive predictor of career success. Based on research regarding Big Five personality traits and life outcomes, which of the following hypotheses is MOST justifiable? Those high in openness to experience should be more likely to report experimentation with drugs and alcohol while in college. Which of the following statements is true according to Big Five research? Extraversion and conscientiousness are positive predictors of career success. All psychodynamic theories stem from the work of Freud The id engages in primary process thinking, while the ego engages in secondary process thinking. True Psychodynamic theories of personality tend to focus on unconscious mental processes. In psychoanalytic theory, the personality component that operates according to the pleasure principle is the id. The moral component of personality, according to Freud, is represented by the superego. Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels of awareness proposed by Freud? Collective unconscious. According to Freud, the contains thoughts and feelings that are just below the surface of awareness. preconscious. Freud attributed anxiety to your Ego worrying about the id getting out of control According to Freud, conflicts centering on and impulses are especially likely to have far-reaching consequences. sexual; aggressive You're feeling guilty after your third bowl of ice cream. You tell yourself it's all right because yesterday you skipped lunch. This is an example of Rationalization Defense mechanisms are largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from painful emotions. True. A witness to a brutal murder has trouble remembering any details of the crime. According to Freud, which defense mechanism is at work in this example? Repression. Attributing your own thoughts, feelings, or motives to others to ward off anxiety or guilt is called projection. Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called Displacement In psychoanalytic theory, failure to move forward from one developmental stage to another is called Fixation Freud's psychosexual stages, in their correct order, include ____________________. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital According to Freud, a toddler is in the stage of psychosexual development. Anal According to Freud, in order to achieve healthy development, a child in the phallic stage must resolve the Oedipal complex and learn to the same-sex parent. identify with Jan relies on obsessive eating and smoking to cope with her problems. According to Freud, Jan is suffering from fixation in the oral stage Jung proposed the collective unconscious, which is essentially the same as Freud's version of the unconscious. False. Carl Jung proposed that the unconscious consists of two layers, the _______ and the ________. personal unconscious; collective unconscious According to Jung, the collective unconscious is a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past, which is shared with one's blood relatives. Dominant themes in cultural art represented by images of nurturing mothers and protective fathers are examples of Jung's conceptualization of archetypes. True. Archetypes are ___________________ storehouses of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past that are shared with the entire human race According to Adler, involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities. Compensation John is always putting himself down and expressing doubts in his own abilities. According to Adler, John may have a(n) inferiority complex Which of the following notions is NOT considered one of the major contributions of psychoanalytic theory? Influence of reinforcement in maintaining specific behaviors. Many critics have argued that humanistic theories of personality harbor a bias against women. False. The psychodynamic perspective has been decried by opponents as _____________________ biased against females and difficult to test. Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior? Behaviorism The difference between negative reinforcement and punishment is that they have opposite outcomes. True Which of the following individuals is generally recognized for initiating the development of behaviorism? John B Watson Imagine you were visiting a professor during office hours. The conversation moved toward personality and his views on the research tradition. If he is an avowed behaviorist, which of the following would he be MOST likely to say? "Personality is a collection of response tendencies that arise in various stimulus situations." Which of the following individuals is credited with discovering classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov An originally neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response is called a(n) unconditioned stimulus In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is a(n) reaction to an unconditioned stimulus. Unlearned Which one of the following types of learned behavior is most likely to be governed by classical conditioning? a. Anxieties b. Phobias c. Maladaptive emotional reactions d. All of these Snooki became gravely ill after drinking a neon green beverage while on spring break. Any time she sees a green beverage—even sports drinks in the convenience store—she becomes sick to her stomach. This is a real-life example of ____________. classical conditioning _________ refers to a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their own consequences. Operant conditioning Working hard to sell the most widgets for your employer in order to earn a bonus and paid vacation is behavior that is shaped by the prospect of positive reinforcement