Building systems (theorie) – 3BA AR SEM1
4 hoofdmaterialen: staal, beton, hout en metselwerk worden aangehaald in deze samenvatting
Steel p. 2-3
Concrete p. 4
Timber p. 5-6
Masonry p. 7-8
Recap p. 9-10
Summary p. 11
,Steel
Geschiedenis:
- Eerst volle ijzeren (cast iron) kolommen
o Niet genoeg kennis om zo hol te maken => moeilijk te casten
- Overgang van cast iron naar steel
o Meer carbon in cast iron dan in staal
o Staal hogere treksterkte + breekt niet gemakkelijk
- 1851: chrystal palace
- Eind 19e E: staal voor high-rise buildings
Mechanical properties:
- Tension test uitvoeren om de ductility van het materiaal te bepalen
o Ductility = deformation under load (until it fails)
o Area of cross section decreases by increasing the force in a linear relationship
- Linear relationship: K (stifness) = N/ Δl
o Δl = elongation
o Toename N => Toename Δl
o Zelfde relatie voor tension en compression
- K according to the material: K = (E * A)/l E= E-modulus (N/mm2)
N/Δl = (E * A)/l
𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴
N= ∗ 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑙𝑙
N/A = E * (Δl/l) N/A = σ (spanning = stress)
σ=E*Ɛ
Stress vs. elongation
Fases:
1: no force
2: bit of force => change in form but no deformation in grid
- removing the load => goes back to original form (elastic
deformation)
3: fs = reaching plateau => beyond that cracks in grid = substantial change
4: deformation stays (plastic deformation)
5: fu= ultimate strength than failure
2
, Building technologies:
Connections:
- riveted (old technique)
- bolted (ideally, reversible)
- welded (avoid, expensive and difficult to control)
Steel profiles:
- HEA/HEB/HEM : columns, compression members
- IPE :
o Most used
o Slender
o Most of the time 200-400 mm
- Hollow sections
o Columns
o Compact
o More difficult to connect
- Full sections
o Rarely used
Cautions
A. steel melts
Strategies:
- fireproof envelope (gypsum)
o delaying the heating of steel
- intumescent coating
o spraying concrete
- coating
o thin layer
o expands during fire to create a barrier
o risk: small damages => doesn’t work anymore
B. corrosion
Protection:
- zinc coating
o most cases
- paint
o high maintenance
- surface oxidation
o very expensive
3
4 hoofdmaterialen: staal, beton, hout en metselwerk worden aangehaald in deze samenvatting
Steel p. 2-3
Concrete p. 4
Timber p. 5-6
Masonry p. 7-8
Recap p. 9-10
Summary p. 11
,Steel
Geschiedenis:
- Eerst volle ijzeren (cast iron) kolommen
o Niet genoeg kennis om zo hol te maken => moeilijk te casten
- Overgang van cast iron naar steel
o Meer carbon in cast iron dan in staal
o Staal hogere treksterkte + breekt niet gemakkelijk
- 1851: chrystal palace
- Eind 19e E: staal voor high-rise buildings
Mechanical properties:
- Tension test uitvoeren om de ductility van het materiaal te bepalen
o Ductility = deformation under load (until it fails)
o Area of cross section decreases by increasing the force in a linear relationship
- Linear relationship: K (stifness) = N/ Δl
o Δl = elongation
o Toename N => Toename Δl
o Zelfde relatie voor tension en compression
- K according to the material: K = (E * A)/l E= E-modulus (N/mm2)
N/Δl = (E * A)/l
𝐸𝐸 𝑥𝑥 𝐴𝐴
N= ∗ 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥
𝑙𝑙
N/A = E * (Δl/l) N/A = σ (spanning = stress)
σ=E*Ɛ
Stress vs. elongation
Fases:
1: no force
2: bit of force => change in form but no deformation in grid
- removing the load => goes back to original form (elastic
deformation)
3: fs = reaching plateau => beyond that cracks in grid = substantial change
4: deformation stays (plastic deformation)
5: fu= ultimate strength than failure
2
, Building technologies:
Connections:
- riveted (old technique)
- bolted (ideally, reversible)
- welded (avoid, expensive and difficult to control)
Steel profiles:
- HEA/HEB/HEM : columns, compression members
- IPE :
o Most used
o Slender
o Most of the time 200-400 mm
- Hollow sections
o Columns
o Compact
o More difficult to connect
- Full sections
o Rarely used
Cautions
A. steel melts
Strategies:
- fireproof envelope (gypsum)
o delaying the heating of steel
- intumescent coating
o spraying concrete
- coating
o thin layer
o expands during fire to create a barrier
o risk: small damages => doesn’t work anymore
B. corrosion
Protection:
- zinc coating
o most cases
- paint
o high maintenance
- surface oxidation
o very expensive
3
