Straighterline BIO250 Microbiology 2025/2026 review
GUARANTEE A+
Define Saprobe: - A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
Define Parasite - An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys
protection. Produces some degree of harm to host
Define Diffusion: - movement from high to low
Define Osmosis: - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
hypotonic cell: - cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may burst cell
hypertonic cell: - cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of the cell
causing it to shrivel
isotonic cell: - extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm
types of passive transport - Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion - passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through
protein channels by binding to receptors
molecule specific
transport - Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding sites on transport
proteins
simple diffusion - Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random motion
Name three types of active transport: - Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport
,Carrier-mediated Transport is... - Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of
the cell by specialized receptors
Group translocation transport is.... - Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and
converted to a metabolically useful substance
Bulk transport is.... - active transport of large particles/cells/liquids by enfulcing in a vesicle (e.g.
endocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.)
Ways in which different organisms dead with oxygen... - Can use oxygen and detoxify is, can neither use
nor detoxify is, cannot use but can detoxify it.
What are the five types of associations microbes can have with their hosts? - Mutualism, Commensalism,
Parasitism, Antagonism, Synergism
Define mutualism - both organisms benefit
Define commensalism - one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Define Parasitism - one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)
Define Antagonism - Members of a community compete (some members are inhibited or destroyed by
others.
Define synergism - an optional cooperation where both species benefit, but can grow independently
Characteristic of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria: - Biofilms respond to the
environment by sensing and planktonic does not resplond to the environment because they are free
floating
How do bacteria divide? - binary fission
, What are the four phases of growth in bacterial growth curve? - Lag phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase,
Death Phase
What are methods besides a growth curve to count bacteria? - Turbidity, Direct Cell COunt,m Automated
devises, Flow cytometer
What is metabolism? - All chemical reactions and workings of a cell
What is catabolism? - Breaks down bomnds of larger molecules to release energy and conserves energy
in form of ATP
What is Anabolism? - Use of ATP for biosynthesis
What is the function of enzymes? - Biological catalysts that lower activation energy necessary for a
chemical reaction
What is the structure of enzymes? - Unique shapes, Protein. Lock and Key fit.
Whats the difference between Apoenzymes and Haloenzymes: - Apoenzymes: Is the protein part of an
enzyme
Haloenzymes (Conjugated Enzymes): Is biochmiecally active compound formed by combination of an
enzume with coenzyme.
Difference between endoenzyme and exoenzyme? - Endo = Intracellular enzyme
Exo = Acts outside the cell
Difference between Constitutive and Regulated Enzymes? - Constitutive: Enzymes consistent present in
consistent amounts regardless of presence of substrate
Regulated: Enzyme production turned on or off depending on the envionment and presence of substrate
GUARANTEE A+
Define Saprobe: - A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms
Define Parasite - An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys
protection. Produces some degree of harm to host
Define Diffusion: - movement from high to low
Define Osmosis: - Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
hypotonic cell: - cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may burst cell
hypertonic cell: - cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of the cell
causing it to shrivel
isotonic cell: - extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm
types of passive transport - Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion - passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through
protein channels by binding to receptors
molecule specific
transport - Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding sites on transport
proteins
simple diffusion - Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random motion
Name three types of active transport: - Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport
,Carrier-mediated Transport is... - Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of
the cell by specialized receptors
Group translocation transport is.... - Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and
converted to a metabolically useful substance
Bulk transport is.... - active transport of large particles/cells/liquids by enfulcing in a vesicle (e.g.
endocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.)
Ways in which different organisms dead with oxygen... - Can use oxygen and detoxify is, can neither use
nor detoxify is, cannot use but can detoxify it.
What are the five types of associations microbes can have with their hosts? - Mutualism, Commensalism,
Parasitism, Antagonism, Synergism
Define mutualism - both organisms benefit
Define commensalism - one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped
Define Parasitism - one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host)
Define Antagonism - Members of a community compete (some members are inhibited or destroyed by
others.
Define synergism - an optional cooperation where both species benefit, but can grow independently
Characteristic of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria: - Biofilms respond to the
environment by sensing and planktonic does not resplond to the environment because they are free
floating
How do bacteria divide? - binary fission
, What are the four phases of growth in bacterial growth curve? - Lag phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase,
Death Phase
What are methods besides a growth curve to count bacteria? - Turbidity, Direct Cell COunt,m Automated
devises, Flow cytometer
What is metabolism? - All chemical reactions and workings of a cell
What is catabolism? - Breaks down bomnds of larger molecules to release energy and conserves energy
in form of ATP
What is Anabolism? - Use of ATP for biosynthesis
What is the function of enzymes? - Biological catalysts that lower activation energy necessary for a
chemical reaction
What is the structure of enzymes? - Unique shapes, Protein. Lock and Key fit.
Whats the difference between Apoenzymes and Haloenzymes: - Apoenzymes: Is the protein part of an
enzyme
Haloenzymes (Conjugated Enzymes): Is biochmiecally active compound formed by combination of an
enzume with coenzyme.
Difference between endoenzyme and exoenzyme? - Endo = Intracellular enzyme
Exo = Acts outside the cell
Difference between Constitutive and Regulated Enzymes? - Constitutive: Enzymes consistent present in
consistent amounts regardless of presence of substrate
Regulated: Enzyme production turned on or off depending on the envionment and presence of substrate
