Case 28 Aquifer With Complete Solutions Updated 2024

Case 28 Aquifer With Complete Solutions Updated 2024 Define dyspnea - Dyspnea is defined as an uncomfortable awareness of breathing. Any problem in the mechanical system of breathing can trigger dyspnea, including (but not limited to): blockage in the nose, fluid in the alveoli, irritation of the diaphragm. What are cardiac causes of dyspnea? - Congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary artery disease (CAD), dysrhythmia, pericarditis, acute myocardial infarction What are hematologic causes of dyspnea? - Anemia What are pulmonary causes of dyspnea? - Obstructive lung disease: COPD, asthma, bronchitis Diseases of lung parenchyma & pleura: pneumonia, pleural effusion, cancer involving the lungs, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, restrictive lung disease, interstitial lung disease Pulmonary vascular disease: pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension Obstruction of the airway: GERD with aspiration, foreign body aspiration 2 | P a g e Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved. Environmental irritants and allergens: dust or chemical What are psychogenic causes of dyspnea? - Panic attacks and hyperventilation What are other causes of dyspnea? - Deconditioning, neuromuscular conditions (ALS, MG, GBS), metabolic (carbon monoxide, anion / non anion gap acidosis) Define orthopnea - Dyspnea which occurs when lying flat, forcing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. It is commonly measured according to the number of pillows needed to prop the patient up to enable breathing (Example: "three pillow orthopnea"). Define paroxysmal noctural dyspnea - - Sudden, severe shortness of breath at night that awakens a person from sleep, often with coughing and wheezing. - It is most closely associated with congestive heart failure. - PND commonly occurs several hours after a person with heart failure has fallen asleep. PND is often relieved by sitting upright, but not as quickly as simple orthopnea. Also unlike orthopnea, it does not develop immediately upon lying down. What's the difference b/w acute vs chronic bronchitis? - Acute: Productive cough lasting 1-3 weeks Chronic: Productive cough for at least three months for the past two years What are classic findings of COPD physical exam? - - Increased anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the chest - Decreased diaphragmatic excursion 3 | P a g e Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved. - Wheezing (often end-expiratory) - Prolonged expiratory phase What are findings predictive of COPD? - - Increased AP diameter and end expiratory wheezing - Decreased heigh of the larynx - Smoking more than 40 pack-years - Self-reported history of chronic obstructive airway disease - Maximum laryngeal height of 4 cm or less, and Age at least 45 years Describe COPD - - COPD encompasses both chronic bronchitis and emphysema and is characterized by airflow limitation that is progressive and not fully reversible with bronchodilators. - A clinical diagnosis of COPD should be considered in any middle-aged or older adult who has: dyspnea chronic cough or sputum production, or a history of toba